What is the percentage of HBsAg-positive infants who will develop chronic hepatitis or chronic carrier state

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the implications of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in infants is crucial. The correct answer is C) 90%. Infants who are HBsAg-positive have a high likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis or becoming chronic carriers of the virus. This high percentage underscores the importance of early detection, monitoring, and intervention in these cases to prevent long-term complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Option A) 10% is incorrect because the percentage of HBsAg-positive infants developing chronic hepatitis or a chronic carrier state is much higher than this conservative estimate. Option B) 30% is also incorrect as it underestimates the actual risk these infants face. Option D) 70% is incorrect as it overestimates the percentage, indicating a misunderstanding of the severity of HBV infection in infants. Educationally, this question highlights the need for pediatric nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of infectious diseases like hepatitis B and the implications for pediatric patients. It emphasizes the importance of accurate knowledge in assessing, diagnosing, and managing infants at risk for chronic HBV infection. This knowledge is essential for providing optimal care and support to these vulnerable patients and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the stages of shock is crucial for early recognition and intervention to prevent complications. The correct answer, option D, "Microvascular perfusion becomes marginal," is characteristic of the uncompensated stage of shock. In this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, leading to impaired microvascular perfusion, resulting in cellular hypoxia and organ dysfunction. Option A, "Inadequate perfusion of vital organs," is a common feature in all stages of shock, not specific to the uncompensated stage. Option B, "Blood flow is normal or increased and may be redistributed," is characteristic of the compensated stage where compensatory mechanisms maintain perfusion to vital organs despite reduced circulating volume. Option C, "Vital organ function is maintained," is more indicative of the early or compensated stage when the body is able to maintain organ function through compensatory mechanisms. Educationally, understanding the progression of shock stages is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients who are at risk for shock due to various conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of each stage allows for prompt intervention and prevention of progression to more severe stages, ultimately improving patient outcomes. It is important to grasp these concepts to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and infective endocarditis, understanding the peripheral manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective patient care. The correct answer is D) Osler's nodules. Osler's nodules are painful, tender lesions typically found on the pads of the fingers or toes. These nodules result from immune complex deposition in response to the underlying endocarditis infection. Option A) Subcutaneous nodules are not typically associated with infective endocarditis in the pediatric population. These are more commonly linked to conditions like rheumatic fever. Option B) Janeway lesions are painless, erythematous macules seen on the palms and soles in infective endocarditis, unlike the painful nodules described in the question. Option C) Splinter hemorrhages are linear streaks in the nail bed and are not typically painful. While they can be seen in infective endocarditis, they are not specifically indicative of a painful lesion. In an educational context, it is essential for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate between these peripheral manifestations to provide timely and appropriate care to young patients. Understanding the specific characteristics of each lesion can aid in early recognition of infective endocarditis and prompt intervention to prevent complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric basic life support, the correct answer is A) Activating basic life support. This is the right choice because the first step in resuscitating a collapsed child is to ensure that basic life support measures are initiated promptly. Activating basic life support involves assessing the child's responsiveness, calling for help, and starting CPR if needed. Option B) Giving DC shock is incorrect because defibrillation is not typically used in pediatric basic life support unless the child is in a shockable rhythm, which is rare in pediatric cases. Option C) At the hospital is incorrect because time is crucial in pediatric resuscitation, and immediate action is needed at the site of collapse before transferring the child to the hospital. Option D) Oxygen should be given early is also incorrect as the priority in pediatric basic life support is to begin chest compressions to circulate oxygenated blood to vital organs. Oxygen administration comes after starting CPR in the sequence of actions. Educationally, understanding the correct sequence of actions in pediatric basic life support is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. Prompt and effective resuscitation can significantly improve outcomes in pediatric emergencies. It is essential to follow the recommended guidelines and protocols to ensure the best possible care for pediatric patients in distress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding innocent murmurs is crucial for accurate assessment and diagnosis. The majority of innocent murmurs occur during the ejection systolic phase. This is the correct answer (Option D) because innocent murmurs are often associated with turbulent blood flow through normal structures, such as the pulmonary and aortic valves, during systole. Option A, diastolic murmurs, are more commonly associated with pathological conditions like aortic regurgitation or mitral stenosis, rather than innocent murmurs in children. Option B, continuous murmurs, are typically heard in conditions like patent ductus arteriosus, not in innocent murmurs. Option C, pan-systolic murmurs, are often indicative of conditions like mitral regurgitation, not innocent murmurs in children. Educationally, understanding the timing of innocent murmurs helps nurses differentiate between benign and pathological murmurs in pediatric patients. By knowing that innocent murmurs are predominantly ejection systolic, nurses can provide better care and appropriate referrals for further evaluation when necessary. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses to ensure accurate assessment and management of young patients with heart murmurs.