What is the percentage of HBsAg-positive infants who will develop chronic hepatitis or chronic carrier state

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the implications of HBsAg positivity in infants is crucial for providing comprehensive care. The correct answer is C) 90%. Infants who are HBsAg-positive have a high likelihood of developing chronic hepatitis or becoming chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Option A) 10% is incorrect because the percentage of HBsAg-positive infants who progress to chronic hepatitis or carrier state is much higher. Option B) 30% is also incorrect as it underestimates the risk associated with HBsAg positivity in infants. Option D) 70% is incorrect as it overestimates the percentage and does not accurately reflect the high likelihood of chronicity in HBsAg-positive infants. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of early detection and management of hepatitis B in infants to prevent long-term complications. Nurses need to be aware of the high risk these infants face and be prepared to provide appropriate care, support, and education to families. Understanding the natural history of hepatitis B infection in infants is essential for pediatric nurses to advocate for timely interventions and follow-up care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and shock, understanding the stages of shock is crucial for timely and effective intervention. The correct answer, option D, which states "Microvascular perfusion becomes marginal," is characteristic of the uncompensated stage of shock. In this stage, the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer able to maintain adequate tissue perfusion, leading to impaired microvascular perfusion. Option A, inadequate perfusion of vital organs, while important in shock, is a broader concept that can occur in both compensated and uncompensated stages. Option B, stating that blood flow is normal or increased and may be redistributed, is more indicative of the compensated stage where compensatory mechanisms are still functioning to maintain perfusion. Option C, vital organ function is maintained, is also more reflective of the compensated stage where the body is still able to maintain organ function despite reduced perfusion. Educationally, understanding the progression of shock stages is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients as early recognition and intervention can significantly impact outcomes. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of uncompensated shock, nurses can initiate appropriate interventions to prevent further deterioration and improve patient outcomes. This knowledge underscores the importance of ongoing assessment, early recognition, and prompt intervention in the care of pediatric patients in shock.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In infective endocarditis, Osler's nodules are painful lesions that develop on the fingers and toes due to immune-complex deposition. These nodules are a result of vasculitis and are a classic peripheral manifestation of infective endocarditis. Subcutaneous nodules (Option A) are typically seen in conditions like rheumatic fever, not infective endocarditis. Janeway lesions (Option B) are painless, hemorrhagic lesions found on the palms and soles, caused by septic emboli. Splinter hemorrhages (Option C) are linear hemorrhages under the nails and are also associated with infective endocarditis but are not painful. Understanding these manifestations is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with infective endocarditis. Recognizing Osler's nodules can prompt early diagnosis and treatment. Teaching this distinction helps students differentiate between different peripheral manifestations seen in various pediatric conditions, enhancing their critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric basic life support, the correct answer is A) Activating basic life support. This is because the first step in resuscitating a collapsed child is to ensure the scene is safe, then check for responsiveness and breathing, and activate emergency medical services if the child is not responsive or not breathing normally. Activating basic life support initiates the chain of survival and increases the child's chances of survival. Option B) Giving DC shock is incorrect because defibrillation is not typically indicated in pediatric basic life support unless the child is in cardiac arrest due to a shockable rhythm, which is rare in children. Option C) At the hospital is incorrect because immediate intervention is crucial in pediatric cardiac arrest situations. Waiting until the child reaches the hospital could significantly reduce the chances of survival. Option D) Oxygen should be given early is incorrect because while oxygen is important in resuscitation, the priority in pediatric basic life support is to ensure effective chest compressions and ventilation, as well as activating emergency medical services promptly. Educationally, understanding the correct sequence of actions in pediatric basic life support is crucial for healthcare providers dealing with pediatric emergencies. By knowing the correct steps to take, providers can improve outcomes and potentially save a child's life in a critical situation. Practicing these scenarios through simulations and regular training can help reinforce the proper techniques and decision-making process in pediatric resuscitation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding innocent heart murmurs is crucial for accurate assessment. The majority of innocent murmurs are classified as ejection systolic. This is because innocent murmurs often occur during systole when the heart is pumping blood out to the body. Ejection systolic murmurs are typically heard during the ejection phase of systole as blood flows through the semilunar valves. Options A, B, and C are incorrect for innocent murmurs. Diastolic murmurs occur during the filling phase of the heart (diastole) and are not characteristic of innocent murmurs. Continuous murmurs are often associated with vascular abnormalities or patent ductus arteriosus, not innocent murmurs. Pan-systolic murmurs are indicative of conditions like mitral regurgitation, not innocent murmurs. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to grasp the timing and characteristics of innocent murmurs to differentiate them from pathological murmurs. Understanding these distinctions enables accurate assessment and appropriate intervention in pediatric patients. Remembering that innocent murmurs are typically ejection systolic helps students develop their clinical reasoning skills and provide safe, effective care to pediatric populations.