What is the percentage of filtered amount of fluid that enters the glomeruli?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 20% of plasma entering glomeruli is filtered filtration fraction (e.g., GFR/RPF ≈ 125/625 mL/min). 1% underestimates too small. 99% overstates all plasma isn't filtered. 15% is close standard is 20%. Filtration fraction distinguishes it, key to glomerular dynamics, unlike extreme or near values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb is water-permeable osmosis concentrates filtrate (e.g., medullary gradient). Thick ascending is impermeable pumps NaCl. Thin ascending loses salt not water. All permeable is false ascending resists. Water permeability distinguishes thin descending, critical for countercurrent, unlike impermeable or mixed options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide inhibits Na /2Cl⁻/K cotransporter in the thick ascending limb blocks reabsorption (e.g., loop diuretic). Thiazides target distal tubule Na /Cl⁻. Osmotic diuretics (e.g., mannitol) act broadly not specific. Acetazolamide inhibits proximal HCO₃⁻ unrelated. Loop-specific action distinguishes furosemide, critical for diuresis potency, unlike distal or non-specific options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ADH is synthesized in supraoptic/paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei transported to posterior pituitary (e.g., magnocellular neurons). Posterior pituitary stores/releases not synthesizes. Anterior pituitary is ACTH/GH unrelated. Neurohypophysis is synonymous less specific. Hypothalamic origin distinguishes it, critical for ADH production, unlike pituitary errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased ventilation decreases extracellular COâ‚‚ blows off COâ‚‚, raising pH (e.g., respiratory alkalosis). Intracellular H lowering is secondary pH effect. Intracellular COâ‚‚ shifts less direct. Extracellular H decrease follows COâ‚‚ primary. COâ‚‚ reduction distinguishes it, key to ventilatory pH shift, unlike H or intracellular focus.