What is the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Replacement dose of thyroid hormones. In newly diagnosed cretinism, there is a deficiency of thyroid hormones, leading to developmental delays and other health issues. Administering replacement thyroid hormones is crucial to normalize hormone levels and support proper growth and development. Thyroidectomy (choice A) is not necessary in this case as the goal is to supplement the missing hormones. Option B, the administration of radioactive iodine cocktail, is used to treat hyperthyroidism, not hypothyroidism. Choice D, replacement dose of calcitonin, is not relevant as calcitonin is involved in calcium regulation, not thyroid hormone production. Thus, the most critical need for the child with newly diagnosed cretinism is the replacement dose of thyroid hormones to address the underlying hormonal deficiency.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine output. FSH, LH, and ACTH are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and have different functions related to reproductive health and stress response. The key to this question is knowing the specific hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland, making D the correct choice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Hormones balance the body's reactions differently than nerve impulses because: - A: Hormonal responses are slower compared to nerve impulses due to the time it takes for hormones to travel through the bloodstream. - B: Hormones can target specific target cells located in different parts of the body, making their effects more targeted and widespread. - C: Hormonal effects can last longer than the quick, temporary effects of nerve impulses, contributing to sustained physiological changes. Therefore, D encompasses all these aspects, highlighting how hormones differ from nerve impulses.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Oxytocin. Neurones secrete oxytocin, a hormone involved in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Neurones release oxytocin from the hypothalamus into the bloodstream. Insulin is secreted by pancreatic cells, not neurones. Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the pituitary gland, and cortisol is released by the adrenal glands. Therefore, the correct answer is oxytocin as it is the hormone secreted by neurones.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pineal gland. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and is primarily secreted by the pineal gland located in the brain. The pineal gland responds to darkness by releasing melatonin, which helps to induce sleep. The other choices, B: Thyroid, C: Thymus, and D: Adrenal, do not secrete melatonin. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, the thymus gland is involved in immune function, and the adrenal glands secrete hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Therefore, the pineal gland is the correct answer for melatonin secretion.