What is the most common cause of secondary protein-calorie malnutrition in the United States?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because an alteration in ingestion, absorption, or metabolism can lead to secondary protein-calorie malnutrition. This can occur due to various medical conditions affecting the digestive system, such as malabsorption syndromes or metabolic disorders. The other choices are incorrect because the primary cause of secondary protein-calorie malnutrition in the US is not the unavailability of high-protein foods, lack of knowledge about nutritional needs, or lack of money to purchase such foods. These factors may contribute to malnutrition but are not the most common cause in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acute gastritis. This type of gastritis is most likely to occur in a college student after an isolated drinking binge due to the irritation caused by excessive alcohol consumption on the stomach lining. The rapid onset of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain align with acute gastritis. Chronic gastritis (B) develops over time with prolonged irritation, not from a one-time binge. Helicobacter pylori gastritis (C) is typically associated with a bacterial infection rather than alcohol consumption. Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (D) is a chronic condition associated with autoimmune reactions, not acute alcohol-induced irritation as seen in this scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, dried beans. Dried beans have one of the highest dietary fiber contents among all the options provided. Fiber helps promote regular bowel movements and prevent constipation. Dried beans are also a good source of nutrients and low in fat. Peaches (A) have fiber but not as high as dried beans. Popcorn (B) has some fiber, but it is lower compared to dried beans. Shredded wheat (D) is a good source of fiber, but dried beans have a higher fiber content.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: dietary intake. This is crucial in colorectal cancer management as certain dietary factors can influence the risk of developing or exacerbating the condition. High intake of red and processed meats, low fiber intake, and obesity are known risk factors. Asking about dietary intake helps assess the patient's risk profile and allows for tailored interventions. Explanation for other choices: B: Sports involvement is not directly related to colorectal cancer risk factors. C: Environmental exposure to carcinogens may be relevant in other types of cancer, but it is not a primary risk factor for colorectal cancer. D: Long-term use of NSAIDs is more relevant in preventing colorectal cancer rather than obtaining a history from a patient already diagnosed with the condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hepatitis B (HBV) is a DNA virus. 2. It can be transmitted via exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. 3. HBV is required for HDV to replicate. 4. Chronic carriers of HBV are at increased risk for hepatocellular cancer. Summary: - Choice A (HAV) is incorrect because it is an RNA virus and not associated with chronic carrier state or hepatocellular cancer. - Choice C (HCV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus, not required for HDV replication, and has a different risk profile for hepatocellular cancer. - Choice D (HEV) is incorrect as it is an RNA virus and not linked to HDV replication or chronic carrier state.