What is the most common cause of preterm birth?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Idiopathic. In the context of preterm birth, "idiopathic" means that the cause is unknown. Preterm birth refers to a baby being born before 37 weeks of pregnancy have been completed. It is important to note that preterm birth can have various causes, and in many cases, the exact reason remains unknown, hence being labeled as idiopathic. Option A) Infection can be a cause of preterm birth, particularly if the mother contracts certain infections during pregnancy that can lead to premature labor. However, it is not the most common cause overall. Option B) Multiple gestation, which means carrying more than one fetus (twins, triplets, etc.), can increase the risk of preterm birth due to factors like early labor or the babies not having enough space to grow. While it is a significant risk factor, it is not the most common cause of preterm birth. Option C) Hypertension, specifically conditions like preeclampsia, can indeed lead to preterm birth because of potential complications that may arise necessitating early delivery. However, it is not the most common cause of preterm birth. Educationally, understanding the various potential causes of preterm birth is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations. It allows for better assessment, management, and prevention strategies to improve outcomes for both the mother and the preterm infant. Recognizing idiopathic preterm birth highlights the complexity of maternal-fetal health and the need for further research to better understand and address this significant public health issue.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric respiratory distress, understanding the complications of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is crucial for nurses. The most common complication of PROM is infection (Option A). When the amniotic sac ruptures before term, it exposes the fetus to the vaginal flora, increasing the risk of ascending infections such as chorioamnionitis, which can lead to neonatal sepsis and respiratory distress. Option B, preterm labor, is a consequence of PROM but not the most common complication. PROM can indeed trigger contractions and premature delivery, but infection remains the primary concern. Placental abruption (Option C) and fetal growth restriction (Option D) are not directly related to PROM. Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, leading to fetal distress but not a common complication of PROM. Fetal growth restriction may occur due to various factors but is not the immediate concern following PROM. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the potential complications of PROM in pediatric nursing. Nurses need to be vigilant in monitoring for signs of infection in neonates born to mothers with PROM to provide timely interventions and prevent respiratory distress and other serious complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of a neonate with suspected necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most appropriate intervention is B) Antibiotics and supportive care. NEC is a serious condition characterized by inflammation and tissue death in the intestines, primarily affecting premature infants. Antibiotics are crucial in treating NEC as they help combat the bacterial infection that contributes to the condition. Supportive care, including bowel rest, IV fluids, and monitoring for complications, is essential in managing NEC and supporting the infant's recovery. Option A) Surgical resection of the bowel is a more invasive approach and is typically considered if there are severe complications or if conservative measures fail. It is not the first-line intervention for suspected NEC. Option C) Oxygen therapy may be necessary for some infants with respiratory distress, but it is not the primary intervention for NEC. Oxygen therapy is used to support oxygenation in conditions like respiratory distress syndrome but does not directly treat NEC. Option D) Breast milk feeding is beneficial for infants with NEC as it provides important nutrients and promotes gut health. However, in the case of suspected NEC, the priority is to address the infection and provide supportive care before focusing on feeding. Educationally, understanding the appropriate interventions for neonates with NEC is crucial for nurses caring for this vulnerable population. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of NEC, knowing the appropriate steps in management, and understanding the rationale behind each intervention are essential components of pediatric nursing practice. By prioritizing antibiotics and supportive care in cases of suspected NEC, nurses can help improve outcomes and provide optimal care for these infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the management of a neonate with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), the first-line management is surgical repair (Option C). This is the correct option because CDH is a condition where abdominal organs herniate into the chest cavity, compromising lung development and leading to respiratory distress. Surgical repair is necessary to reposition the organs back into the abdomen, allowing the lungs to expand properly and function effectively. Option A, mechanical ventilation, may be required post-surgery to support the neonate's respiratory function during recovery. However, it is not the first-line treatment for CDH. Surfactant therapy (Option B) is used in conditions like respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) where there is a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs, not in CDH. Positive pressure ventilation (Option D) may be used to support respiratory function, but it is not the primary treatment for CDH. Educationally, understanding the correct management of CDH is crucial for nursing interventions in pediatric respiratory distress. It is essential for nurses caring for neonates with CDH to recognize the importance of prompt surgical repair to optimize outcomes and provide comprehensive care for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) "We'll keep him at home until phobia subsides." This statement indicates a lack of understanding of how to address school phobia effectively. By keeping the child at home, the parents are inadvertently reinforcing the avoidance behavior, which can exacerbate the phobia in the long run. Option B) "We'll work with his teachers and counselors at school" is a proactive and appropriate response that involves collaboration with professionals who can provide support and guidance in managing the child's school phobia. Option C) "We'll try to encourage him to talk about his problem" demonstrates a willingness to facilitate open communication with the child, which is a positive step in addressing the underlying issues contributing to the phobia. Option D) "We'll discuss possible solutions with him and his counselor" reflects a collaborative approach involving both the child and the counselor in finding solutions to address the school phobia, which is a constructive and supportive strategy. In an educational context, it is crucial for parents to be equipped with the knowledge and skills to understand and address school phobia effectively. Encouraging open communication, seeking support from school professionals, and avoiding reinforcing avoidance behaviors are key principles in managing school phobia in children. By providing parents with the necessary guidance and information, educators can empower them to support their child's emotional well-being and academic success.