What is the most appropriate next action for a 24-month-old child diagnosed with ASD?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most appropriate next action for a 24-month-old child diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is to conduct a lead level test, which is option C. Lead exposure can have harmful effects on a child's development, including behavioral issues that can overlap with symptoms of ASD. Therefore, it is crucial to rule out lead exposure as a potential contributing factor to the child's presentation. Option A, physical examination, may not directly address the underlying cause of the child's symptoms related to ASD. Option B, hearing tests, are important but may not be the priority in this case unless there are specific concerns related to hearing. Option D, Woods lamp, is used to assess certain skin conditions and is not relevant to the child's diagnosis of ASD. In an educational context, understanding the rationale behind the choice of diagnostic tests is crucial for pediatric nurses. It helps in developing critical thinking skills and ensures appropriate and evidence-based care for pediatric patients, especially those with developmental disorders like ASD. By prioritizing the lead level test in this case, nurses can contribute to a comprehensive assessment and management plan for children with ASD.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) it indicates a potential for future lying behavior. This is because lying in young children aged 3 is developmentally appropriate and is often linked to their cognitive and social development. At this age, children are still learning about reality versus fantasy, and their grasp of truth and falsehood is not fully formed. Option A) it is a method of playing with the language is incorrect because young children often engage in imaginative play and storytelling, which can include elements of make-believe without the intention to deceive. Option B) it is a part of their magical thinking is also incorrect as children at this age are still in the stage of magical thinking where they may blur the lines between reality and fantasy, leading to storytelling that may not always align with the truth. Option D) it is an approach to avoid unwanted confrontation with adults is incorrect because young children may lie to avoid punishment or disapproval, but it is more about self-preservation and not necessarily an indication of future lying behavior. In an educational context, it is crucial for parents and caregivers to understand the developmental stages of children to differentiate between normal behaviors and potential concerns. By recognizing that lying in young children is often a temporary phase tied to their cognitive growth, adults can respond with patience, guidance, and age-appropriate discipline strategies to help children navigate this stage successfully.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Routine screening for autistic spectrum disorders is an essential component of pediatric healthcare to ensure early detection and intervention. The correct answer, option C - 18 and 24 months, aligns with the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommendation for autism screening at 18 and 24 months of age. This timing is crucial because early identification of autism allows for prompt intervention and support, which can significantly improve outcomes for children with autism. Option A, screening at 6 and 12 months, is too early for accurate detection of autism as symptoms may not be fully developed or apparent at such a young age. Option B, screening at 12 and 18 months, misses the critical window recommended by the AAP for early detection. Option D, screening at 24 and 30 months, delays the screening process, potentially missing opportunities for early intervention and support. In an educational context, it is important for healthcare professionals working in pediatric settings to be aware of the recommended screening guidelines for autism. By understanding the rationale behind the timing of these screenings, healthcare providers can advocate for and implement early screening practices that benefit the children under their care. Regular updates on screening guidelines and best practices are essential for healthcare professionals to provide quality care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Leukokoria in a newborn infant is a concerning finding that can indicate various eye disorders. In this case, the correct answer is C) congenital glaucoma. Congenital glaucoma can present with leukokoria due to increased intraocular pressure leading to changes in the eye structure. This condition requires prompt evaluation and management to prevent vision loss. A) Cataracts can also present with leukokoria, as they cause opacity in the lens of the eye. Prompt identification and treatment are essential to prevent visual impairment. B) Tumor, such as retinoblastoma, can also manifest as leukokoria. Early detection and intervention are crucial to improve outcomes in these cases. D) Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) typically does not present with leukokoria. ROP is a condition seen in premature infants due to abnormal blood vessel development in the retina. Screening and appropriate management are vital to prevent visual deficits. Educationally, understanding the various causes of leukokoria in newborns is crucial for pediatric nurses to recognize and appropriately refer infants for further evaluation by ophthalmology specialists. Early detection and intervention can significantly impact visual outcomes in these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the risk factors affecting premature infants' academic performance is crucial for providing optimal care and support. In this question, the correct answer is C) antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate. The rationale for C being the correct answer lies in the fact that antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate is actually a neuroprotective intervention used to reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in preterm infants. Therefore, it would not pose a risk for poor academic performance. Birthweight below 750 g (option A) is a significant risk factor for poor academic performance in premature infants due to associated complications such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, and developmental delays. Periventricular leukomalacia (option B) is a condition characterized by damage to the white matter of the brain, commonly seen in premature infants, which can lead to motor and cognitive impairments affecting academic performance. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (option D) is a complication of intraventricular hemorrhage, which can result in increased intracranial pressure and cognitive deficits, impacting academic performance. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing risk factors affecting premature infants' academic outcomes and the impact of various neonatal complications on long-term development. Nurses must be aware of these factors to provide comprehensive care and support to premature infants and their families.