What is the immunologic term to indicate the process that eliminates developing T cells whose T-cell receptors bind too strongly to self-peptide/MHC complexes?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Negative selection is the correct answer because it refers to the process that eliminates developing T cells with high affinity for self-peptide/MHC complexes to prevent autoimmune reactions. During negative selection, T cells that bind too strongly to self-antigens are deleted or rendered functionally inactive. This ensures that only T cells with moderate affinity for self-antigens are allowed to mature and participate in immune responses. Summary of other choices: B: Positive selection involves the selection of T cells that can recognize self-peptide/MHC complexes, promoting their maturation and survival. C: Peripheral tolerance refers to mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance in the mature immune system, not specifically related to eliminating self-reactive T cells during development. D: Lineage commitment is the process by which precursor cells differentiate into specific immune cell types and is not directly related to eliminating self-reactive T cells.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because in immune response mechanism, clonal selection refers to the process where lymphocytes (T and B cells) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process ensures that the immune system can effectively target and eliminate pathogens. Option A is incorrect because clonal selection does not refer to identifying a specific type of clone cell line in cell culture. Option C is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve cloning a specific gene by inserting it into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology. Option D is incorrect because clonal selection is not about selecting an appropriate cell type for cloning purposes. In summary, the correct answer, option B, best describes the process of clonal selection in the context of the immune response mechanism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cell-mediated immunity. T lymphocytes are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity, where they directly attack infected cells or pathogens. This type of immunity is crucial in fighting intracellular pathogens like viruses. Other choices are incorrect because: A: Passive immunity involves receiving pre-formed antibodies, not T lymphocytes. B: Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies, not T lymphocytes. C: Acquired immunity is a general term encompassing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, but T lymphocytes specifically play a key role in cell-mediated immunity.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given. The nurse should consult the physician because missing three appointments may affect the patient's progress and tolerance to the allergen injections. The physician needs to reassess the situation and determine the appropriate action, which may involve adjusting the dosage or reevaluating the treatment plan. This ensures patient safety and effectiveness of the treatment. Summary: B: Administering the same dosage as the last visit may not be appropriate without physician consultation. C: Administering the dosage as originally prescribed may not account for any changes in the patient's condition. D: Restarting the entire immunotherapy schedule is an extreme measure and should only be considered after consultation with the physician.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and digest particles. Archaea lack membrane-bound organelles, including phagosomes, making phagocytosis impossible. Protozoans, algae, and fungi have the necessary cellular structures for phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Protozoans, algae, and fungi can perform phagocytosis due to their cellular structure and function, making choices A, B, and C incorrect.