What is the hostile attribution bias?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) The propensity to misread the intentions of others as negative. The hostile attribution bias refers to the tendency for individuals to interpret ambiguous or neutral social cues as intentionally hostile or negative. This cognitive distortion can lead to aggressive or defensive responses in interpersonal interactions. Option A) is incorrect because it describes behavior rather than a cognitive bias. Option C) is incorrect as it describes a personality trait associated with heart disease called Type A behavior, not the hostile attribution bias. Option D) is incorrect as it describes a different phenomenon related to expectations and outcomes, not the misinterpretation of others' intentions. Educational Context: Understanding the hostile attribution bias is crucial in the context of psychobiologic disorders as it can contribute to the development or exacerbation of mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, or aggression. Recognizing and addressing this bias through cognitive-behavioral interventions can be beneficial in improving interpersonal relationships and overall psychological well-being. Educating healthcare professionals about the impact of cognitive biases on mental health can enhance their ability to provide effective care and support to patients experiencing psychobiologic disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Cognitive-behavior therapy. Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that focuses on helping individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to their psychological distress. In the case of Dinah working with her clients to change problematic behaviors and irrational thoughts, CBT aligns with this approach by targeting both cognitive processes and behaviors to promote positive change. A) Psychoanalysis is focused on exploring unconscious thoughts and feelings from the past to gain insight into present behavior. While it can be beneficial for some individuals, it does not directly address changing behaviors and thoughts in the same way that CBT does. B) Client-centered therapy, also known as person-centered therapy, is centered around providing a supportive and non-judgmental environment for clients to explore their feelings and experiences. It is more focused on self-exploration and personal growth rather than directly targeting and changing specific behaviors and thought patterns. D) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment primarily used for severe depression and other mental health conditions. It involves passing electrical currents through the brain to induce controlled seizures. It is not a form of talk therapy like CBT and would not be the appropriate choice for the scenario described. In an educational context, understanding different therapeutic approaches is essential for nurses and healthcare professionals working with individuals with psychobiologic disorders. Knowing the principles and techniques of various therapies allows for a more holistic and individualized approach to patient care, ensuring that the most appropriate interventions are utilized to promote positive outcomes and well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Self-fulfilling prophecy. The concept of self-fulfilling prophecy in social psychology refers to a belief or expectation that influences a person's behavior in a way that tends to bring about the expected outcome. In the context of forming impressions about people, if an individual holds a certain expectation or belief about someone, they may behave in a manner that elicits responses from the other person confirming those beliefs. Option A) Rebound effect does not align with the concept of forming impressions based on expectations or beliefs. The rebound effect typically refers to the tendency of a thought or feeling to return with greater intensity after being suppressed. Option C) Role refers to the behavior expected of an individual in a particular social position or status and is not directly related to the process of forming impressions based on expectations or beliefs. Option D) Disposition refers to a person's inherent qualities of mind and character, which may influence how they are perceived, but it does not directly address the influence of expectations or beliefs on social perception. Educationally, understanding the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy is crucial in recognizing how our beliefs and expectations can impact our interactions with others. By being aware of this phenomenon, individuals can strive to approach social situations with an open mind and avoid making judgments based solely on preconceived notions. This knowledge can lead to more effective communication, improved relationships, and reduced instances of bias or stereotyping.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of psychobiologic disorders, understanding why stereotypes are resistant to change is crucial for providing holistic patient care. The correct answer, "D) All of the above," is correct because stereotypes are deeply ingrained beliefs that shape our perceptions and behaviors. Option A, "we are less likely to attend to information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes," is incorrect because individuals often actively avoid or dismiss information that challenges their existing beliefs to maintain cognitive consistency. Option B, "we may create sub-types to explain away exceptions," is incorrect because when faced with exceptions to our stereotypes, we may indeed create sub-categories to maintain the overall stereotype rather than adapting our beliefs. Option C, "we may deny the truth or validity of observed exceptions," is incorrect because individuals may rationalize or downplay observed exceptions rather than outright denying their truth or validity. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing and challenging stereotypes in healthcare practice. Nurses and healthcare providers must strive to overcome stereotypes to deliver individualized, culturally competent care to patients with psychobiologic disorders. By understanding the cognitive processes that maintain stereotypes, healthcare professionals can work towards creating inclusive and effective care environments.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Because of their disruptive behaviors, children with ADHD often receive negative feedback from parents, teachers, and peers, leading to self-esteem disturbance. These behaviors also cause peers to avoid the child with ADHD, leaving the child with ADHD vulnerable to loneliness. The child does not need inpatient treatment at this time. The incorrect options might or might not be relevant.