What is the function of the Lisfranc ligament?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Connects the second metatarsal head to the first cuneiform. The Lisfranc ligament plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the midfoot by connecting the second metatarsal to the first cuneiform bone. This connection is essential in weight-bearing activities to prevent excessive movement and maintain proper alignment of the bones in the midfoot. The other choices are incorrect because: A) The distal tibia is not connected to the talus by the Lisfranc ligament, C) The preservation of the medial longitudinal arch is primarily achieved by other ligaments in the foot, and D) The primary ankle stabilizer is the deltoid ligament on the medial side of the ankle, not the Lisfranc ligament.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hip joint dysfunction. FABERE test assesses for hip joint dysfunction by examining flexion, abduction, external rotation, and extension of the hip joint. It specifically evaluates the range of motion and stability of the hip joint, helping to identify issues such as arthritis, labral tears, or hip impingement. Gluteus medius weakness (B) is not directly tested by FABERE. Femoral nerve irritation (C) and iliotibial band tightness (D) are also not assessed by this test.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Smoking. Smoking is considered the greatest single modifiable risk factor for cardiac disease due to its direct negative impact on cardiovascular health. Smoking increases the risk of heart disease by damaging blood vessels, raising blood pressure, increasing heart rate, and promoting the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. Quitting smoking has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of developing heart disease. A: Obesity is a significant risk factor for heart disease, but smoking has a greater impact on cardiovascular health. B: Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease, but smoking has a more significant impact on cardiovascular health. C: Hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol) is a significant risk factor for heart disease, but smoking is considered the greatest single modifiable risk factor for cardiac disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis is a respiratory disease that causes a restrictive, parenchymal pattern of illness characterized by granulomatous inflammation in the lung tissue. This results in fibrosis and scarring, leading to reduced lung capacity and difficulty in expanding the lungs fully. Myasthenia gravis (A) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder affecting muscle function, not the respiratory system. Asthma (B) is an obstructive lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leading to airflow limitation. Ankylosing spondylitis (D) is a systemic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the spine and joints, not the lungs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Osteopenia. Osteopenia is a contraindication for spinal traction due to decreased bone density, which increases the risk of fractures during traction. Bursitis (A) is not a contraindication, as it affects the soft tissues around the joints. Cervical radiculopathy (B) can benefit from spinal traction to relieve nerve compression. Muscle spasm (D) is not a contraindication but can actually be a reason for using traction to alleviate muscle tension.