What is the function of the gallbladder?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: storing bile. The gallbladder functions to store bile produced by the liver and release it into the small intestine to aid in digestion. Bile helps in the breakdown of fats. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the gallbladder does not produce bile (the liver does), secrete digestive enzymes (pancreas does), or neutralize stomach acid (function of the stomach and duodenum).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because bile pigments are not needed for micelle formation. Micelles are formed by bile salts, which aid in the emulsification of fats. Choice A is incorrect as bile is primarily produced by the liver, not bile duct cells. Choice B is incorrect as primary bile acids are stored in the gall bladder, not secondary bile acids. Choice C is incorrect as secretin stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes, not bile secretion.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Failure of digestion and absorption of proteins. Atrophy of gastric mucosal glands leads to decreased production of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, essential for protein digestion. This results in impaired breakdown of proteins, leading to failure of digestion and absorption. Choice A is incorrect as starch digestion primarily occurs in the mouth and small intestine. Choice C is incorrect because high gastrin levels are associated with increased acid production. Choice D is incorrect as secretin is not directly involved in protein digestion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: pyloric stenosis. In pyloric stenosis, there is hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle, leading to gastric outlet obstruction and projectile vomiting. This typically presents in infants around 2-6 weeks of age. Other choices (B) esophageal atresia presents with difficulty feeding and choking, (C) annular pancreas with duodenal obstruction, and (D) incomplete rotation of the gut with volvulus or obstruction due to malrotation. Pyloric stenosis is the most likely diagnosis in this scenario based on the age of the infant and the symptom of projectile vomiting.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, stomach. Ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma are commonly bilateral due to the close anatomical relationship between the stomach and ovaries. Stomach cancer frequently spreads to the ovaries through direct extension or lymphatic dissemination. In contrast, esophageal, small intestine, and appendix carcinomas less commonly metastasize to the ovaries, making choices A, C, and D less likely. Thus, the characteristic bilateral ovarian metastases are most commonly associated with carcinoma of the stomach.