What is the function of Prostaglandin D/I/E in regulation of GFR?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prostaglandins D/I/E cause renal vasodilation increase RBF and GFR (e.g., counter sympathetic tone). Vasoconstriction (e.g., PGF) decreases GFR opposite. Sodium reabsorption is tubular not vascular. Capsular pressure isn't prostaglandin-linked. Vasodilation's GFR boost distinguishes it, key to maintaining filtration, unlike constriction or tubular effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: 20% of plasma entering glomeruli is filtered filtration fraction (e.g., GFR/RPF ≈ 125/625 mL/min). 1% underestimates too small. 99% overstates all plasma isn't filtered. 15% is close standard is 20%. Filtration fraction distinguishes it, key to glomerular dynamics, unlike extreme or near values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excreted glucose = filtered - Tmax: 200 mg/mL × 125 mL/min = 25,000 mg/min ÷ 100 = 250 mg/min - 200 = 50 mg/min (unit correction assumed). Zero assumes full reabsorption false above Tmax. 25/75 miscalculate filtration incorrect. 50 mg/min distinguishes it, key to glucosuria threshold, unlike total or erroneous values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The thin descending limb is water-permeable osmosis concentrates filtrate (e.g., medullary gradient). Thick ascending is impermeable pumps NaCl. Thin ascending loses salt not water. All permeable is false ascending resists. Water permeability distinguishes thin descending, critical for countercurrent, unlike impermeable or mixed options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide inhibits Na /2Cl⁻/K cotransporter in the thick ascending limb blocks reabsorption (e.g., loop diuretic). Thiazides target distal tubule Na /Cl⁻. Osmotic diuretics (e.g., mannitol) act broadly not specific. Acetazolamide inhibits proximal HCO₃⁻ unrelated. Loop-specific action distinguishes furosemide, critical for diuresis potency, unlike distal or non-specific options.