What is the function of bile salts?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: emulsifying fats. Bile salts help emulsify fats by breaking them into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act upon during digestion. This aids in the absorption of fats in the small intestine. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because bile salts do not have a direct role in breaking down carbohydrates (choice B), activating pepsin (choice C), or digesting proteins (choice D). These functions are carried out by other digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: mucous neck cells. These cells secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining from the acidic environment and aid in lubrication. Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid, chief cells secrete pepsinogen, and enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones like gastrin. Mucous neck cells are specifically responsible for mucus secretion in the stomach, making them the correct choice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Lipase. Lipase is responsible for the digestion of lipids because it breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Amylase (A) digests carbohydrates, Pepsin (B) digests proteins, and Trypsin (D) also digests proteins but in the small intestine. Lipase is the only enzyme that specifically targets lipids for digestion, making it the correct choice in this scenario.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hyperglycemia. GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide) is released in response to food intake to stimulate insulin release and inhibit glucagon secretion, leading to reduced blood glucose levels. Excessive GIP production from a tumor can result in excessive insulin release, causing hypoglycemia. This is why the correct answer is hyperglycemia. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not align with the physiological effects of GIP.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because if the oesophageal muscles are not working, dysphagia to solids and liquids would occur. This is because the muscles are responsible for peristalsis, which is the wave-like contractions that push food down the esophagus. Choice A is incorrect because gravity alone cannot compensate for muscle dysfunction. Choice B is incorrect as water swallowing also requires proper muscle function. Choice D is incorrect as vomiting is not directly related to oesophageal muscle dysfunction.