What is the filtration membrane, where is it located, and what is it made of?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The filtration membrane lies between blood and glomerular capsule comprises fenestrated endothelium (capillaries), visceral membrane (podocytes), and basement membrane (fused laminae), filtering plasma. The proximal tubule reabsorbs no filtration role. The Loop of Henle concentrates lacks this structure. The collecting duct adjusts via aquaporins not filtration. Its three-layered design distinguishes it, critical for selective filtration, unlike reabsorption or concentration sites.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Afferent denervation (e.g., tabes dorsalis) causes loss of sensation/reflex micturition tonic bladder (can't contract), overflow dribbling. Hypertonic spasms need efferent loss different. Increased reflexes misalign efferent issue. Normal micturition requires intact nerves false. Afferent loss distinguishes it, critical for reflex abolition, unlike efferent or intact errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: High GFR threatens dehydration/electrolyte depletion tubules can't reabsorb all (e.g., overwhelm Tmax), losing essentials. Waste reabsorption occurs if too low not high. Sluggish flow is low GFR opposite. No effect ignores physiology false. Depletion risk distinguishes it, critical for GFR regulation, unlike waste or flow errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Inhibiting the pudendal nerve (somatic) contracts the external sphincter delays voiding (e.g., voluntary control). Pelvic nerve inhibition stops reflex misdirected. Hypogastric (sympathetic) inhibition relaxes bladder opposite. Parasympathetic inhibition halts contraction partial. Pudendal's role distinguishes it, critical for continence, unlike visceral or system-wide errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The distal convoluted tubule has higher secretion e.g., H , K (fine-tuning) vs. proximal's organic focus (e.g., creatinine). Proximal secretes reabsorption dominates. Thin ascending/descending focus on concentration not secretion. Distal's secretion role distinguishes it, key to ion regulation, unlike proximal or loop priorities.