What is the e昀昀ect of Beta Blockers?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The effect of Beta Blockers is to decrease blood pressure and heart rate. Beta blockers work by blocking the action of adrenaline on beta receptors, leading to decreased heart rate and reduced force of contraction of the heart muscle. This results in a lowering of blood pressure, making beta blockers commonly prescribed for conditions such as hypertension, angina, and heart failure. Additionally, beta blockers are also used to manage certain arrhythmias and prevent heart attacks. Therefore, the correct answer is C - Decreases blood pressure and heart rate.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hydrocortisone is the main glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroid hormones that are involved in regulating metabolism and immune responses. Hydrocortisone, also known as cortisol, plays a crucial role in the body's response to stress, inflammation, and maintaining blood pressure. It is essential for various physiological functions, including regulating blood sugar levels and suppressing the immune system's inflammatory responses. While other glucocorticoids like dexamethasone and prednisone are commonly used in clinical practice for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, hydrocortisone is the primary glucocorticoid naturally produced by the adrenal glands.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for the normal hepatic biosynthesis of factors required for blood clotting. These clotting factors are important for the process of blood coagulation, preventing excessive bleeding when we get injured. Vitamin K plays a crucial role in maintaining proper blood clotting function and a deficiency in this vitamin can lead to increased bleeding tendency.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Intravenous (I.V.) administration is described as the fastest route of drug administration because the medication is directly delivered into the bloodstream. This allows for immediate systemic circulation and rapid onset of action, making it the most efficient route for drugs to reach their target organs or tissues. In contrast, other routes such as intramuscular (I.M), oral, rectal, and intradermal have slower absorption rates and may involve additional barriers before reaching the bloodstream, causing a delay in onset of action compared to intravenous administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that requires careful monitoring. Obtaining a culture before administration ensures the infection is susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Tendon pain or rupture is a serious adverse effect of fluoroquinolones, particularly in older adults or those on corticosteroids. Dairy products can interfere with the absorption of ciprofloxacin, so patients should avoid them around the time of administration. Dizziness may indicate central nervous system effects, which should be reported promptly.