What is the common side e昀昀ect that is normal with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to increased vasodilation?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most common side effect that occurs with the initial therapy of Nitroglycerine due to increased vasodilation is a headache. Nitroglycerine works by dilating blood vessels to improve blood flow to the heart. This sudden increase in vasodilation can lead to headache in many individuals, especially when starting the medication. The headache is often described as a pulsating sensation and usually subsides as the body adjusts to the medication. It is important to reassure patients that this side effect is temporary and tends to improve with continued use.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The specificity theory of pain proposes that there is a specific pain system in the body that is responsible for detecting and transmitting pain signals. According to this theory, specific pain receptors exist that are sensitive only to pain stimuli and are separate from other sensory receptors for touch, temperature, or pressure. When tissue damage or injury occurs, these pain receptors are activated, and they send signals through specific pain pathways to the brain, resulting in the sensation of pain. The specificity theory suggests that pain is a distinct sensory modality with its own dedicated system, separate from other sensory modalities.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, specifically for managing acute manic episodes and preventing future episodes of mania or depression. It helps stabilize mood and reduce the frequency and severity of mood swings in individuals with bipolar disorder. Lithium works by modulating neurotransmitter activity in the brain, particularly affecting the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. It is not indicated for the treatment of hypertension, nausea, or thyroid disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by mood swings that range from depressive lows to manic highs. Lithium helps stabilize these mood swings by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain. It is not used to treat hypertension, nausea, or thyroid disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Milrinone (Primacor) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that acts by increasing the levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in cardiac muscle cells. This leads to an increased force of cardiac contractions, which is known as a positive inotropic effect. This effect results in the heart muscle contracting more forcefully, leading to an increased cardiac output. The other options (A. Increased heart rate, B. Increased blood vessel dilation, D. Increased conduction of electrical impulses across the heart) do not directly relate to the inotropic effect of milrinone.