What is the classification of Ondansetron?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Ondansetron is classified as an antiemetic. It is commonly used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Antiemetics work by blocking serotonin, a natural substance in the body that can trigger nausea and vomiting. Ondansetron specifically targets serotonin receptors in the brain, preventing the sensation of nausea and reducing the urge to vomit. Therefore, the correct classification for Ondansetron is as an antiemetic agent.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Aspirin causes gastrointestinal upset because it inhibits both cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for the production of prostaglandins, which are important in protecting the stomach lining. Inhibition of COX-1 reduces the production of protective prostaglandins that help maintain the integrity of the stomach lining, leading to irritation and potential damage, which can manifest as gastrointestinal upset. This is why patients taking aspirin may experience gastrointestinal side effects such as stomach pain, ulcers, or bleeding.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Metformin is a first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Its primary pharmacological action is to decrease hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. This helps to lower blood glucose levels. Metformin also increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues like muscle and fat, allowing tissues to better respond to insulin and take up glucose from the blood. This dual mechanism of action makes metformin an effective medication for managing blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gout stems from uric acid buildup-hyperuricemia-crystallizing in joints, per pathophysiology-not increased excretion, cartilage loss (OA), or low levels. Buildup drives pain, per disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary targets Sertoli cells in the testes to drive spermatogenesis, regulating sperm production and supporting male fertility. Androgen production, mainly testosterone, falls under luteinizing hormone (LH), not FSH, though both hormones interplay in reproduction. Testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells is LH-driven, not FSH, which focuses on sperm maturation. Progesterone, minimal in males, isn't FSH-regulated, being more female-centric. FSH's role in spermatogenesis is specific, distinguishing it from hormonal regulation and highlighting its importance in reproductive physiology, ensuring students understand its targeted action over broader endocrine effects.