what is the classi昀椀cation of HEPARIN:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant medication. It works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots in the body. Anticoagulants like heparin are frequently used to prevent and treat conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and during certain medical procedures to reduce the risk of clot formation. Heparin is not used to treat hypertension, diabetes, or as a laxative.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The therapeutic range for digoxin levels is typically between 0.8-2.0 ng/mL. A digoxin level of 1.1 ng/mL falls below the lower end of the therapeutic range, indicating that it is below the level considered effective for therapeutic benefits. Therefore, the correct interpretation by the nurse is that it is below the therapeutic level.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a drug is administered by continuous intravenous infusion, it will take approximately 4-5 half-lives for it to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. In this case, the drug has a half-life of 12 hours, so it will take 4 half-lives (12 hours x 4 = 48 hours) for the drug to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. Therefore, the drug will reach 90% of its final steady-state level after 48 hours of continuous infusion.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Valproate, commonly known as sodium valproate or valproic acid, is a medication primarily used to treat seizures, including epilepsy. It is an antiepileptic drug that works by increasing the levels of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which helps to calm excessive electrical activity that can lead to seizures. Valproate is considered a first-line treatment for various types of seizures, especially absence seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is not used for replacing hormones, maintaining blood glucose levels, or lowering blood pressure.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Calcium absorption in the small intestine relies heavily on vitamin D, which enhances the process by increasing the expression of calcium-binding proteins and improving gut uptake efficiency. Without adequate vitamin D, calcium absorption drops significantly, leading to potential bone health issues like osteoporosis or osteomalacia. Intrinsic factor, produced in the stomach, is critical for vitamin B12 absorption, not calcium, as it binds B12 for uptake in the ileum. Coenzymes, while involved in metabolic reactions, don't directly facilitate calcium absorption; their role is broader and unrelated to this specific process. Phosphorus, an abundant mineral, works with calcium in bone formation but doesn't enhance its absorption-in fact, excessive phosphorus can compete with calcium. Vitamin D's active form, calcitriol, regulates calcium levels by promoting its transport across intestinal cells, making it indispensable for maintaining skeletal integrity. This mechanism underscores why vitamin D deficiency impairs calcium utilization, distinguishing it from the other options, which lack a direct link to absorption efficiency.