what is the classi昀椀cation of HEPARIN:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant medication. It works by inhibiting the formation of blood clots in the body. Anticoagulants like heparin are frequently used to prevent and treat conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and during certain medical procedures to reduce the risk of clot formation. Heparin is not used to treat hypertension, diabetes, or as a laxative.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is commonly used as an antidote for heparin overdose. Heparin is an anticoagulant medication given to prevent blood clots, but in cases of excessive bleeding or overdose, protamine sulfate can be administered to counteract its effects. Therefore, it is important to be aware that protamine sulfate can negate the therapeutic effect of heparin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Protamine sulfate is a medication that can antagonize the anticoagulant effects of heparin. Heparin works by binding to antithrombin III to enhance its activity, which leads to the inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin. Protamine sulfate, a positively charged molecule, binds to heparin to form a stable complex, neutralizing the anticoagulant effects of heparin. This makes protamine sulfate a useful antidote for heparin overdose or in situations where rapid reversal of heparin is necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications. The other options listed - acetylcysteine, naloxone, warfarin sodium, and phenindione - do not have a direct antagonistic effect on the anticoagulant effects of heparin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: When a drug is administered by continuous intravenous infusion, it will take approximately 4-5 half-lives for it to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. In this case, the drug has a half-life of 12 hours, so it will take 4 half-lives (12 hours x 4 = 48 hours) for the drug to reach 90% of its final steady-state level. Therefore, the drug will reach 90% of its final steady-state level after 48 hours of continuous infusion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication that can cause nephrotoxicity, leading to decreased urine output and renal impairment. Patients should be instructed to report any changes in urinary output promptly. Changes in sight and hearing are not typical adverse effects of amphotericin B. A painful red rash and blisters may indicate an allergic reaction but are less common than nephrotoxicity.