What is the best method to obtain a urine sample in an 8-month-old being evaluated for a UTI?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: For infants who are not toilet-trained, an in-and-out catheterization is the most reliable method for obtaining a sterile urine sample.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Chronic renal failure leads to the build-up of waste products and toxins in the blood, known as uremia. This condition results from the kidneys' inability to effectively filter waste from the blood and maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balance. As renal function declines, uremia can lead to a variety of clinical manifestations such as fatigue, nausea, itching, and electrolyte imbalances, ultimately resulting in the clinical syndrome known as uremia. Oliguria refers to reduced urine output, proteinuria is the presence of excessive protein in the urine, and pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys - these conditions may be present in chronic renal failure but are not the defining clinical syndrome.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse should recommend placing the healthy, stable, preterm newborn in the supine position for sleep. This is the current recommendation to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) per the American Academy of Pediatrics. Placing the infant on their back to sleep helps ensure an open airway and reduces the risk of suffocation or SIDS. It is important to adhere to safe sleep practices to promote the infant's well-being and reduce the risk of sleep-related incidents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: By 12 months, a child should respond to their name; if not, it may indicate a developmental concern.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Specificity = (True negatives / Total normals) * 100 = [(150 - 30) / 150] * 100 = 80%.