What is the average lifespan of normal human platelets in circulation?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 10 days. Platelets are small, disc-shaped cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. The average lifespan of platelets in circulation is approximately 7-10 days. This is an important fact for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to understand as it impacts patient care, especially in cases of bleeding disorders or thrombocytopenia. Option A) 24 hours is incorrect because platelets typically last longer in circulation than just one day. Option B) 72 hours is also incorrect as it falls within the range of platelet lifespan, but the average is closer to 10 days. Option D) 30 days is too long for the lifespan of platelets; they are typically cleared from circulation before reaching 30 days. Understanding the lifespan of platelets is crucial for nurses working with pediatric patients who may require monitoring of their platelet counts and function. This knowledge helps in assessing and managing bleeding disorders, ensuring appropriate interventions are implemented, and promoting optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) type II hypersensitivity. Type II hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by antigen-antibody reactions on the cell membrane, leading to the activation of complement and subsequent destruction of the targeted cell. This process involves antibodies binding to antigens on the cell surface, which triggers complement activation and cell lysis. Option A) type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated reactions, leading to the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils, causing allergic symptoms like hives and anaphylaxis. This type of reaction is not associated with complement activation and cell destruction as described in the question. Option C) type III hypersensitivity involves immune complex-mediated reactions where antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This process does not directly involve complement activation on cell membranes resulting in cell destruction. Option D) type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells, not antibodies. It involves a delayed response to antigens and is more commonly associated with conditions like contact dermatitis and certain autoimmune diseases, which do not directly involve complement activation and cell destruction. In an educational context, understanding the different types of hypersensitivity reactions is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric clinical nurse specialists, in assessing and managing various immune-mediated conditions in pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific characteristics of each type of hypersensitivity reaction is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and patient care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The most appropriate treatment option for a 10-year-old child with intermittent mild asthma symptoms is option D, which is the inhaled β₂-agonist as needed for symptoms. In pediatric asthma management, inhaled β₂-agonists are considered first-line rescue medications for relieving acute asthma symptoms by quickly dilating the airways and improving airflow. These medications are fast-acting and provide immediate relief during asthma exacerbations. Option A, environmental control and patient education only without medication, is not the most appropriate choice for a child with mild asthma symptoms. While environmental control and patient education are essential components of asthma management, medication is often necessary to provide prompt relief during asthma attacks. Option B, oral theophylline, is not the preferred treatment for mild intermittent asthma in children due to its narrow therapeutic window, potential for toxicity, and the availability of safer and more effective medications, such as inhaled bronchodilators. Option C, cromolyn, is a mast cell stabilizer that is used more for prevention of asthma symptoms rather than for quick relief during acute exacerbations. Inhaled β₂-agonists are more suitable for providing immediate relief of bronchoconstriction in a child experiencing intermittent mild asthma symptoms. In an educational context, it is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to have a solid understanding of asthma management in children. By choosing the appropriate medication based on the severity of symptoms and individual patient needs, healthcare providers can effectively control asthma and improve the quality of life for pediatric patients with asthma. Understanding the rationale behind each treatment option helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions and provide optimal care for pediatric patients with asthma.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction caused by the formation of immune complexes in response to certain medications or foreign proteins. In this case, aspirin (Option D) is not a common cause of serum sickness. Aspirin is more commonly associated with hypersensitivity reactions like aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) or aspirin-induced urticaria/angioedema. Penicillin (Option A), cephalosporins (Option B), and sulfonamides (Option C) are common causes of serum sickness due to their ability to induce immune complex formation in susceptible individuals. These medications are known to trigger an immune response leading to symptoms like fever, rash, joint pain, and lymphadenopathy characteristic of serum sickness. Educationally, understanding the common causes of serum sickness is crucial for pediatric clinical nurse specialists to accurately assess and manage patients experiencing hypersensitivity reactions to medications. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of serum sickness and identifying the causative agents can guide appropriate treatment interventions and prevent further complications in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Food handlers. Latex allergy is commonly found in healthcare workers who frequently use latex gloves, spina bifida patients who have undergone multiple surgeries with latex-containing materials, and atopic individuals who have a predisposition to allergic reactions. Food handlers are not typically exposed to latex in their daily tasks, making it an uncommon cause of latex allergy. In an educational context, understanding the common causes of latex allergy is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially Pediatric Clinical Nurse Specialists who work closely with vulnerable populations like children with spina bifida. By knowing the common sources of latex exposure, these nurses can take necessary precautions to prevent allergic reactions in their patients and themselves. This knowledge also highlights the importance of using latex-free alternatives in healthcare settings to ensure patient safety and prevent occupational health risks.