What is the amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiac output. Cardiac output is the total amount of blood pumped by the heart in a minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (beats per minute) by the stroke volume (amount of blood pumped per beat). This measurement gives an indication of how effectively the heart is functioning in delivering oxygenated blood to the body. B: Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the heart in each beat, not the total amount in a minute. C: End-diastolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction, not the total amount pumped in a minute. D: Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each contraction, not the total amount in a minute.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (A) is the correct answer. 2. In this condition, the heart muscle thickens, leading to decreased blood pumping ability. 3. This thickening can obstruct blood flow and increase the risk of abnormal heart rhythms. 4. Dilated cardiomyopathy (B) involves the heart enlarging and weakening, not thickening. 5. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (C) involves stiffening of the heart muscle, not thickening. 6. Ischemic cardiomyopathy (D) results from reduced blood flow to the heart, not thickening.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy is a procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the airways to visualize and diagnose lung diseases directly. It allows for direct visualization of the airways, collection of samples for biopsy, and removal of obstructions. Thoracentesis (B) is a procedure to remove fluid from the pleural space, not for visualizing airways. Pulmonary function test (C) measures lung function but doesn't directly visualize airways. Chest X-ray (D) provides an image of the lungs but doesn't allow for direct visualization or diagnosis of airway diseases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that can cause difficulty breathing and shock due to the body's extreme immune response to an allergen. It involves a systemic release of histamine and other chemicals leading to symptoms like swelling, hives, and a drop in blood pressure. Asthma attack (B) is a respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and narrowing, but it is not necessarily related to an allergic reaction. Bronchospasm (C) refers to the sudden constriction of the muscles lining the airways, which can occur in asthma or other respiratory conditions, but it is not specific to an allergic reaction. Hypersensitivity (D) is a general term for exaggerated immune responses, including allergies, but it does not specifically describe the severe and potentially life-threatening nature of anaphylaxis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the removal of a lobe of the lung. This procedure is commonly done to treat lung cancer or other conditions affecting a specific lobe. Pneumonectomy (B) involves the removal of an entire lung, not just a portion. Tracheostomy (C) is the surgical creation of an opening in the windpipe to help with breathing, not a lung removal procedure. Bronchoscopy (D) is a diagnostic procedure to visualize the airways using a flexible tube with a camera, not a lung removal surgery. Therefore, A is the correct choice for removing a portion of the lung.