What is projection?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: A defense mechanism where unacceptable personal features are attributed to others. This is known as projection, where individuals unconsciously attribute their own undesirable traits, feelings, or impulses onto others. This defense mechanism allows individuals to avoid dealing with their own uncomfortable emotions by projecting them onto someone else. This helps maintain their self-image and reduces anxiety. Explanation for why other choices are incorrect: A: A defense mechanism where emotional conflicts are addressed by meeting the needs of others. This describes the defense mechanism of altruism, not projection. B: A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are substituted with constructive activities. This describes the defense mechanism of sublimation, not projection. C: A defense mechanism where disturbing feelings are constantly denied. This describes the defense mechanism of denial, not projection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because conversion disorder can manifest in various ways, including involuntary movements, seizures, paralysis, abnormal gait, anesthesia, blindness, deafness, and other sensory deficits. These symptoms are not due to any known medical condition but are believed to be a result of psychological distress. Choices A, B, and C each describe common symptoms associated with conversion disorder, making them incorrect individually. Only by selecting option D can we encompass the range of symptoms typically seen in conversion disorder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in cognition, motivation, and movement. Dopamine plays a crucial role in various brain functions related to cognition, motivation, and motor control. It is essential in maintaining focus, decision-making, and movement coordination. Dopamine is not primarily associated with mood regulation and arousal (choice B), pain perception and muscle relaxation (choice C), or learning and memory (choice D). These functions are mainly linked to other neurotransmitters like serotonin, endorphins, and acetylcholine.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Anxiety. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating mood and anxiety. An increase in serotonin levels is associated with decreased anxiety symptoms. In contrast, serotonin levels are often low in depression, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease, so choices B, C, and D are incorrect. In depression, serotonin deficiency is often implicated. Schizophrenia is linked to dopamine and glutamate imbalances, not serotonin. Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine depletion in the brain, not serotonin. Thus, the correct answer is A based on the role of serotonin in anxiety regulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because norepinephrine levels are decreased in depression. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, arousal, and stress response. Low levels of norepinephrine have been linked to symptoms of depression. Incorrect choices: A: Norepinephrine levels are not typically associated with mania, anxiety, or schizophrenia. C: Parkinson's disease is associated with dopamine depletion, not norepinephrine. D: Alzheimer's disease is not directly related to norepinephrine levels.