What is one of the therapeutic uses of ACE inhibitors

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: ACE inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). They work by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by narrowing blood vessels. By blocking this enzyme, ACE inhibitors help dilate blood vessels, leading to a decrease in blood pressure. This makes ACE inhibitors an effective therapeutic option for managing hypertension and its associated complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: One of the most common components added to local anesthetic solutions to reduce the systemic uptake of the anesthetic agent is a vasoconstrictor. Vasoconstrictors, such as epinephrine, work by causing constriction of blood vessels at the site of injection. This constriction reduces blood flow to the area, which in turn reduces the systemic absorption of the anesthetic agent. By limiting systemic absorption, vasoconstrictors can help to prolong the duration of local anesthesia and minimize potential side effects associated with high systemic levels of the anesthetic agent, such as cardiovascular effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) is most effective when given sublingually for the treatment of angina pectoris. When administered sublingually, the medication is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the oral mucosa, leading to rapid onset of action and providing quick relief of angina symptoms. This route bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver, allowing the drug to exert its effects more rapidly. Orally administered glyceryl trinitrate is subject to extensive first-pass metabolism, and intravenous or intramuscular routes are generally reserved for acute situations where rapid onset of action is required. Subcutaneous administration is less commonly used compared to the sublingual route for the treatment of angina.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Drugs that act simultaneously on a mixed group of receptors with an agonist action on one set and with an antagonist action on the other are termed as mixed agonist-antagonists. These drugs can have a dual effect on different types of receptors within the same system. They can elicit both agonist-like responses at one receptor and antagonist-like responses at another receptor, leading to a mixed overall effect on the system. This unique property makes them different from pure agonists, pure antagonists, or partial agonists which typically have a unidirectional effect on receptors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The specificity theory of pain proposes that there is a specific pain system in the body that is responsible for detecting and transmitting pain signals. According to this theory, specific pain receptors exist that are sensitive only to pain stimuli and are separate from other sensory receptors for touch, temperature, or pressure. When tissue damage or injury occurs, these pain receptors are activated, and they send signals through specific pain pathways to the brain, resulting in the sensation of pain. The specificity theory suggests that pain is a distinct sensory modality with its own dedicated system, separate from other sensory modalities.