What is one major cause of urbanization?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of urbanization, the correct answer is A) Industrial growth. This is because industrial growth typically leads to the establishment and expansion of factories, industries, and businesses in urban areas, attracting a large number of people from rural areas in search of employment opportunities. This influx of people into urban areas contributes to population growth and urbanization. Option B) Agricultural expansion is not a major cause of urbanization. While agricultural expansion may lead to rural development, it does not directly contribute to the migration of people from rural to urban areas on a large scale. Option C) Decreased job opportunities would actually lead to rural-urban migration in search of better job prospects in urban areas, rather than being a cause of urbanization itself. Option D) Rural development, on the other hand, focuses on improving living conditions and infrastructure in rural areas, which would actually discourage migration to urban areas and slow down the process of urbanization. In an educational context, understanding the causes of urbanization is crucial for students studying pediatric nursing as it provides insights into the social determinants of health, population dynamics, and healthcare service delivery in urban settings. This knowledge is vital for pediatric nurses working in urban areas to address the unique health needs of urban populations, including issues related to overcrowding, access to healthcare, environmental health concerns, and social disparities.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) ophthalmological examination. In the context of administering hydroxychloroquine, routine ophthalmological examinations are crucial due to the potential ocular toxicity associated with this drug. Hydroxychloroquine can cause retinopathy, which may lead to irreversible vision loss if not detected early. Therefore, regular monitoring of the eyes is essential to prevent serious complications. Option A) gastric endoscopy is not indicated during the administration of hydroxychloroquine as it does not relate to the known side effects or monitoring requirements of this medication. Option B) bone marrow biopsy and Option C) muscle biopsy are also not relevant in this context. In an educational setting, it is important for nursing students to understand the specific monitoring and assessment requirements associated with different medications. This question highlights the importance of recognizing the need for specialized monitoring practices based on the potential side effects of a particular drug. Understanding these principles is crucial for safe and effective nursing practice in pediatric patients with conditions like SLE and dermatomyositis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of a child with RF-positive polyarthritis, the least effective drug to induce remission would be NSAIDs (Option A). This is because NSAIDs primarily help with symptom management by reducing pain and inflammation but do not target the underlying disease process in JIA. Methotrexate (Option B) is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) commonly used in JIA to induce remission by suppressing the overactive immune response. TNF-a antagonists (Option C) and IL-6 inhibitors (Option D) are biologic agents that specifically target inflammatory pathways involved in JIA, making them more effective in inducing remission compared to NSAIDs. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers to understand the different treatment options for JIA and their mechanisms of action to provide optimal care for pediatric patients. By knowing which medications are more effective in managing the disease process, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to improve outcomes and quality of life for children with JIA.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding postinfectious arthritis or reactive arthritis is crucial for providing optimal care to children. The correct answer, D, spondyloarthritis is a common causative agent infection, is the right choice because postinfectious arthritis is typically triggered by certain infections like those caused by Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Chlamydia, rather than spondyloarthritis. Option A, there is a transient joint swelling or pain, is a common feature of postinfectious arthritis as it presents with acute joint symptoms following an infection. Option B, it lasts less than 6 weeks, is also a characteristic feature, as postinfectious arthritis is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few weeks to months. Option C, it may be a common sequelae of streptococcus group A infection, is also accurate as postinfectious arthritis can develop following a streptococcal infection, leading to joint inflammation and pain. Understanding these distinctions is essential in pediatric nursing to differentiate postinfectious arthritis from other arthritic conditions and provide appropriate care and management for affected children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and neonatal lupus, it is crucial to understand the appropriate therapeutic options for cardiac complications. In this scenario, the correct answer is option D, methotrexate. Methotrexate is not typically used in the treatment of cardiac complications related to neonatal lupus. Fluorinated corticosteroids (option A) are commonly used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system, making them a suitable option for managing cardiac complications in neonatal lupus. Intravenous immunoglobulin (option B) is used to modulate the immune response and can be effective in treating cardiac issues associated with neonatal lupus. Plasmapheresis (option C) is a procedure that involves removing and replacing blood plasma, which can help in removing harmful antibodies and managing cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Understanding the appropriate therapeutic options for neonatal lupus not only ensures effective treatment but also highlights the importance of tailored interventions in pediatric care. It is essential for pediatric nurses to be well-versed in these treatment modalities to provide optimal care for infants with neonatal lupus and its cardiac complications.