What is one major cause of urbanization?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of urbanization, industrial growth is a major cause due to the concentration of industries in urban areas, leading to increased job opportunities and economic development. This option is correct because industries attract people from rural areas in search of employment, thus contributing to the rapid growth of urban centers. Option B, agricultural expansion, is incorrect as it typically leads to rural development rather than urbanization. Agriculture is more closely associated with rural areas and sustains rural livelihoods, often preventing urban migration. Option C, decreased job opportunities, is also incorrect as it would result in rural-urban migration due to the search for better job prospects in urban areas, rather than being a cause of urbanization itself. Option D, rural development, is incorrect because rural development focuses on improving living conditions and infrastructure in rural areas, which would actually deter migration to urban centers. Understanding the causes of urbanization is crucial in the field of pediatric nursing as it helps healthcare providers anticipate population shifts, plan healthcare services, and address the unique health challenges faced by children in urban areas. Additionally, being aware of social determinants of health such as urbanization aids in providing holistic and culturally sensitive care to pediatric patients and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the rationale behind the routine procedures associated with medications used in the treatment of various conditions. In the case of hydroxychloroquine, the correct procedure that should be done routinely during its administration is ophthalmological examination (Option D). The rationale behind this is that hydroxychloroquine is known to have potential ocular side effects, particularly affecting the retina. Regular ophthalmological examinations are essential to monitor for any signs of retinopathy, which is a serious adverse effect that can lead to irreversible vision loss if not detected early. Now, let's explore why the other options are incorrect: - Gastric endoscopy (Option A): This procedure is not routinely required during the course of hydroxychloroquine administration as the drug does not typically cause significant gastrointestinal side effects that would warrant such an invasive investigation. - Bone marrow biopsy (Option B) and Muscle biopsy (Option C): These procedures are not indicated for monitoring the effects of hydroxychloroquine. They are invasive procedures that are not relevant to the known side effects of this medication. In an educational context, understanding the rationale for specific monitoring procedures related to medication administration is essential for pediatric nurses to ensure safe and effective care for their patients. By knowing why certain assessments are necessary, nurses can advocate for appropriate monitoring to detect and prevent potential complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the case of RF-positive polyarthritis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with involvement of 25 joints in both upper and lower extremities, the least effective drug to induce remission is NSAIDs (Option A). The rationale behind this is that NSAIDs primarily target symptoms like pain and inflammation, but they do not address the underlying autoimmune process causing JIA. In contrast, methotrexate (Option B), TNF-a antagonists (Option C), and IL-6 inhibitors (Option D) are disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) that target the underlying autoimmune response in JIA, leading to remission and preventing joint damage. Methotrexate is a first-line DMARD commonly used in JIA treatment. TNF-a antagonists and IL-6 inhibitors are biologic DMARDs that specifically target key inflammatory pathways involved in JIA pathogenesis. Educationally, understanding the mechanisms of action of different drug classes in treating JIA is crucial for healthcare providers managing pediatric patients with arthritis. It is essential to differentiate between symptomatic relief (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying treatment (DMARDs) to provide optimal care and improve long-term outcomes for children with JIA.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding postinfectious arthritis or reactive arthritis is crucial for providing quality care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, D) spondyloarthritis is a common causative agent infection, is the exception among the options provided. Postinfectious arthritis typically follows an infection in another part of the body, commonly in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract, and spondyloarthritis is not a common causative agent infection in this condition. Option A) there is a transient joint swelling or pain, is a common feature of postinfectious arthritis, as it presents with joint inflammation following an infection. Option B) it lasts less than 6 weeks, is also a characteristic feature, as postinfectious arthritis is usually self-limiting and resolves within a few weeks to months. Option C) it may be a common sequelae of streptococcus group A infection, is accurate as well, as certain infections like streptococcus group A can trigger postinfectious arthritis in susceptible individuals. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to differentiate between various types of arthritis that can present in children, including postinfectious arthritis. Understanding the common features, causative factors, and duration of postinfectious arthritis can aid nurses in providing appropriate care, education, and support to pediatric patients and their families. By knowing the distinguishing characteristics of postinfectious arthritis, nurses can effectively assess, plan, and intervene in the care of children experiencing this condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and neonatal lupus, it is crucial to understand the therapeutic options available for managing cardiac complications associated with this condition. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) methotrexate. Methotrexate is not typically used in the treatment of cardiac complications in neonatal lupus. Methotrexate is a cytotoxic medication that is more commonly used in conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis due to its immunosuppressive properties. Option A) fluorinated corticosteroids are often used to reduce inflammation and immune responses in conditions like neonatal lupus, making it a therapeutic option. Option B) intravenous immunoglobulin is used to modulate the immune system and may be beneficial in treating cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Option C) plasmapheresis is a procedure that involves removing and replacing blood plasma and can be helpful in removing autoantibodies in conditions like neonatal lupus. Understanding the appropriate therapeutic options for neonatal lupus is essential for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care for infants with this condition. It is important to be familiar with the mechanisms of action, indications, and contraindications of various treatment modalities to ensure safe and effective patient care.