What is going to happen to a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS)?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer to the question regarding what will happen to a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) is option A: "You will have either periods of attacks and remissions or progression of nerve damage over time." This option is correct because multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. Patients with MS can experience relapses or attacks where new symptoms appear or existing ones worsen, followed by periods of remission where symptoms improve partially or completely. Over time, if the disease progresses, there can be cumulative nerve damage leading to various neurological deficits. Option B: "You need to plan for a continuous loss of movement," is incorrect because not all patients with MS experience continuous loss of movement. The disease course varies among individuals, and some may have periods of stability or even improvement in symptoms. Option C: "sensory functions," and option D: "and mental capabilities," are also incorrect because while MS can affect sensory functions and cognitive abilities in some patients, these are not universal features of the disease. Symptoms of MS can vary widely and may include issues with mobility, vision, coordination, and bladder control, among others. In an educational context, it is important for students to understand the variable nature of multiple sclerosis and how it can manifest differently in different individuals. By knowing that MS can involve periods of relapse and remission or a progressive course, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate care and support tailored to each patient's unique needs. Educating students on the complexities of MS helps prepare them to deliver comprehensive and individualized care to patients with this condition.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer to the question is C) Consolidation. Consolidation refers to the first stage of healing in a fracture where there is clinical union between the bone fragments, providing enough stability to prevent movement when the bones are gently stressed. This stage typically occurs between 3 weeks to 6 months after the initial injury. A) Ossification refers to the process of bone formation, which is part of the overall healing process but not specifically indicative of this stage of fracture healing. B) Remodeling is the process by which bone continues to adapt and reshape itself in response to mechanical stresses over time, occurring after the initial healing stages. D) Callus formation is the early stage of fracture healing where a soft callus is formed to stabilize the fracture site, preceding consolidation. In an educational context, understanding the stages of fracture healing is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in the management of fractures. Recognizing the specific terminology associated with each stage helps in accurate assessment, treatment planning, and monitoring of patients with fractures. This knowledge is essential for physicians, nurses, physical therapists, and other healthcare providers involved in orthopedic care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a patient with a stable vertebral fracture, the nurse should teach the patient to logroll to keep the spine straight when turning. This is the correct answer because logrolling is a technique used to prevent unnecessary movement of the spine, which can further injure the vertebral column. By maintaining the spine straight while turning, the patient can prevent exacerbation of the fracture and promote proper healing. Option A, remaining on bed rest until the pain is gone, is incorrect because prolonged bed rest can lead to muscle weakening, decreased bone density, and other complications. It is important for patients with vertebral fractures to engage in mobility within safe limits to prevent these issues. Option C, using bone cement to correct the problem, is incorrect because this intervention is typically reserved for more severe cases of vertebral fractures, such as those requiring surgical intervention. Stable vertebral fractures can often be managed conservatively without the need for invasive procedures like bone cement injections. Option D, taking as much analgesic as needed to relieve the pain, is incorrect because while pain management is important, relying solely on analgesics without addressing proper body mechanics and movement techniques can lead to inadequate healing and potential complications. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind the correct answer helps nurses provide effective patient education and care. By teaching patients the proper technique of logrolling, nurses empower them to actively participate in their recovery process and prevent further injury. It also highlights the importance of holistic care that includes mobility, pain management, and patient education in the treatment of vertebral fractures.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of joint surgery, the correct answer is C) Debridement. Debridement involves the removal of degenerative tissue within a joint through arthroscopic surgery. This procedure aims to improve joint function and reduce pain by eliminating damaged tissue. Option A) Osteotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting and reshaping bones to correct alignment issues, not specifically for removing degenerative tissue. Option B) Arthrodesis is a surgical fusion of a joint to provide stability, not for tissue removal. Option D) Synovectomy is the removal of the synovial lining of a joint, not specifically for degenerative tissue removal. Understanding the different types of joint surgeries and their specific purposes is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those specializing in orthopedics or neurology. Knowing the correct procedure for a given situation ensures proper patient care and successful outcomes. This knowledge is essential for medical students, residents, and practicing clinicians to make informed decisions in patient management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Reposition frequently to avoid skin and respiratory complications. In a patient with Becker muscular dystrophy, muscle weakness and wasting are prominent features that can lead to immobility and complications like pressure ulcers and respiratory issues. Repositioning the patient frequently helps prevent skin breakdown and respiratory complications associated with prolonged immobility. Option A) Feed and bathe the patient to avoid exhausting the muscle is incorrect because these activities do not address the specific risks associated with Becker muscular dystrophy, and they may not necessarily prevent complications related to immobility. Option C) Provide hand weights for the patient to exercise the upper extremities is incorrect as it could exacerbate muscle weakness and fatigue in a patient with muscular dystrophy, potentially leading to further complications. Option D) Use orthopedic braces to promote ambulation and prevent muscle wasting is incorrect because in Becker muscular dystrophy, the use of orthopedic braces may not be appropriate due to the progressive nature of the disease and the risk of further muscle deterioration. In an educational context, understanding the specific care needs of patients with neuromuscular disorders like Becker muscular dystrophy is crucial for nurses to provide safe and effective care. By repositioning the patient frequently, nurses can help prevent complications associated with immobility, thereby improving the patient's overall quality of life and reducing the risk of secondary health issues.