What is glutamate?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Glutamate is a neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory. Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, playing a crucial role in synaptic plasticity, which underlies learning and memory processes. It facilitates communication between neurons, enhancing synaptic strength and promoting the formation of new neural connections. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because glutamate's primary role is not in mood regulation, cognition, motivation, or pain perception, although it does play a role in various physiological functions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Antianxiety and sedative. Alprazolam (Xanax) is a benzodiazepine used primarily to treat anxiety disorders and panic attacks due to its anxiolytic and sedative properties. It works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called GABA in the brain, which helps to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because alprazolam is not classified as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, or anticonvulsant medication. It is important to differentiate the intended uses of medications to ensure appropriate treatment.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above," because amphetamine (Adderall) is a stimulant medication that can cause a range of side effects. Insomnia and restlessness (Choice A) are common CNS-related SE. Weight loss and dysrhythmias (Choice B) are known cardiovascular SE. Hypertension and agitation (Choice C) are also potential cardiovascular and CNS-related SE, respectively. Selecting "All of the above" encompasses the comprehensive list of possible side effects associated with amphetamine use. Other choices are incorrect because they do not cover the full spectrum of side effects typically seen with amphetamine administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Buspirone (Buspar) is a medication primarily used to treat anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. It is not indicated for OCD, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or psychosis. The correct answer is A because buspirone's mechanism of action involves affecting serotonin receptors, making it effective for managing anxiety symptoms. It is not commonly used for the other conditions listed in the choices.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: An opioid used for mild pain. Codeine is a mild opioid analgesic commonly used to treat mild to moderate pain. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain. Codeine is not an antidepressant (B), antianxiety medication (C), or anticonvulsant (D), as it does not primarily target those conditions. It is important to use codeine under medical supervision due to its potential for misuse and addiction.