What is beneficence?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Answer A is correct as beneficence refers to the duty to act for the benefit and well-being of others. This principle emphasizes promoting the good of individuals and ensuring their welfare. It aligns with the ethical responsibility to actively do good and provide positive outcomes. Answer B (duty to avoid harm) is related to nonmaleficence, not beneficence. Answer C (duty to respect autonomy) pertains to autonomy, not beneficence. Answer D (duty to distribute resources equally) is related to distributive justice, not beneficence.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because a maturational/internal crisis is typically triggered by the individual's transition to a new developmental stage, such as adolescence or midlife. This type of crisis arises from internal changes and challenges related to personal growth and self-awareness. In contrast, option B refers to external events like natural disasters, not internal processes. Option C pertains to crises resulting from external factors like loss, not internal developmental changes. Option D focuses on internal conflicts, but a maturational crisis is distinct as it directly relates to developmental stages.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because abruptly stopping lithium in bipolar patients can lead to a rapid recurrence of manic or hypomanic symptoms due to destabilization of mood regulation. This is known as rebound mania. Choice B is incorrect because discontinuing lithium can have significant effects. Choice C is incorrect as discontinuation may not necessarily lead to severe depression. Choice D is incorrect as lithium discontinuation is not associated with the development of schizophrenia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are substituted with constructive activities. Sublimation involves channeling negative or unacceptable emotions into productive or socially acceptable behaviors. This process allows individuals to express their feelings in a healthy and constructive manner. Choice A (meeting the needs of others) relates to altruism, not sublimation. Choice C (constantly denying disturbing feelings) describes repression, not sublimation. Choice D (transferring emotions to a nonthreatening object) is more aligned with displacement, not sublimation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because passive aggression, splitting, projection, and denial are examples of immature defense mechanisms. Immature defenses are characterized by an inability to cope effectively with stress or conflict, often leading to maladaptive behaviors. Choice B includes altruism, sublimation, suppression, and humor, which are actually considered mature defense mechanisms, as they involve healthier ways of managing emotions and stress. Choice C lists repression, displacement, reaction formation, and rationalization, which are categorized as neurotic defense mechanisms, falling between mature and immature defenses. Choice D combines avoidance, denial, repression, and projection, which are also examples of immature defense mechanisms, but it does not include passive aggression and splitting, which are key indicators of immature defenses.