What is an expected outcome for Lithium

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Lithium is commonly used to treat bipolar disorder, where it is effective in reducing the frequency and severity of acute manic episodes. By stabilizing mood, lithium helps in preventing or decreasing the occurrence of manic episodes, which are characterized by elevated, irritable moods, increased energy, and impulsivity. However, it is important to note that lithium does not typically have direct effects on reducing the risk of myocardial infarction, GI ulcers, or respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Clopidogrel is a medication that belongs to the antiplatelet class of drugs. It works by preventing platelets in the blood from sticking together and forming clots, thereby reducing the risk of thromboembolic events, such as heart attacks and strokes. Warfarin (Choice A) is an anticoagulant medication that also helps prevent blood clots, but it works by inhibiting the clotting factors in the blood rather than the platelets. Amlodipine (Choice B) and Nitroglycerine (Choice C) are medications used to treat high blood pressure and angina, respectively, and do not have a direct effect on preventing thromboembolic events.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Flumazenil is the specific antidote for Alprazolam, which is a benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug. Flumazenil works by competitively inhibiting the actions of benzodiazepines at the benzodiazepine receptor site on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex. It effectively reverses the sedative effects of benzodiazepines like Alprazolam, making it the appropriate antidote in cases of benzodiazepine overdose or toxicity. The other options provided (Physostigmine, Protamine sulfate, and Acetylcysteine) are unrelated to Alprazolam and are not indicated as antidotes for this specific drug.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist used to manage asthma and allergic rhinitis, has been associated with severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnsons Syndrome. This condition is characterized by a painful rash that can lead to skin peeling and blistering. Option A) Stroke is not an adverse reaction associated with Montelukast. Montelukast is not known to increase the risk of stroke. Option C) Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is a severe skin condition, but it is not a documented adverse reaction to Montelukast. Option D) Suicidal thoughts/Behaviors have been reported in rare cases with Montelukast use, especially in adolescents. However, this is not the adverse reaction specifically asked for in this question. In an educational context, understanding the potential adverse reactions of medications is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure patient safety. By knowing the specific adverse effects of drugs like Montelukast, healthcare professionals can monitor patients effectively, provide appropriate patient education, and intervene promptly if adverse reactions occur.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The fundamental action of drugs that can be used as a substitute for what is lacking in the body falls under the category of Replacement. In medical terms, replacement therapy is a type of treatment that involves replacing a hormone or other important substance that is deficient or lacking in the body. For example, individuals with hypothyroidism are often prescribed levothyroxine as a replacement therapy to make up for the thyroid hormone deficiency in their body. Similarly, insulin is used to replace the deficient insulin in individuals with diabetes. Therefore, when drugs are administered to compensate for a deficiency or lack of a specific substance in the body, they are categorized under the fundamental action of Replacement.