What is a surgical procedure to remove one of the lobes of the lungs, often performed to treat lung cancer?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lobectomy. A lobectomy involves the surgical removal of one of the lobes of the lungs, often performed to treat lung cancer localized in a specific lobe. This procedure allows for targeted removal of cancerous tissue while preserving the remaining healthy lung tissue. Explanation for other choices: B: Pneumonectomy - This involves the complete removal of an entire lung and is not specific to removing a lobe. C: Thoracotomy - This is a surgical incision into the chest, not specific to removing a lobe of the lung. D: Tracheostomy - This is a surgical procedure to create an opening in the neck to insert a tube into the trachea for breathing and is not related to removing a lobe of the lung.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tracheostomy. This surgical procedure involves creating an opening in the windpipe to assist with breathing by bypassing any obstructions in the upper airway. It is commonly performed in cases of severe respiratory distress or when a patient requires long-term mechanical ventilation. Choice B: Lobectomy involves surgical removal of a lobe of the lung and does not directly relate to creating an opening in the windpipe for breathing assistance. Choice C: Thoracotomy is a surgical incision into the chest wall but is not specifically related to creating an opening in the windpipe. Choice D: Pleurodesis is a procedure to treat recurrent pleural effusion by creating adhesions between the layers of the pleura but does not involve creating an opening in the windpipe.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cystic fibrosis. This genetic disorder is characterized by the buildup of thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and digestive system. Step 1: Cystic fibrosis specifically mentions the thick, sticky mucus, which is a key characteristic of the disorder. Step 2: Pulmonary fibrosis is a different condition where lung tissue becomes scarred and stiff. Step 3: Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, not mucus. Step 4: Bronchiectasis is a condition where the airways in the lungs become damaged and widened, not specifically related to thick mucus buildup.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A: Atrial fibrillation is the correct answer as it is characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria due to disorganized electrical signals. This leads to inefficient pumping of blood and increases the risk of blood clots. B: Ventricular fibrillation is incorrect as it refers to rapid, irregular beating of the ventricles, which is life-threatening and requires immediate medical intervention. C: Atrial flutter is incorrect as it is characterized by a rapid but regular beating of the atria, different from the irregular pattern seen in atrial fibrillation. D: Sinus tachycardia is incorrect as it is a normal response to stress, exercise, or excitement, characterized by a fast but regular heartbeat originating from the sinus node in the heart.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy refers to a condition where the heart muscle is weakened and unable to pump blood effectively, leading to heart failure. This is because the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thickened, or stiff, affecting its ability to pump blood efficiently. Incorrect choices: B: Myocarditis - Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle, not necessarily associated with weakening of the heart muscle leading to heart failure. C: Endocarditis - Endocarditis is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, not directly related to the weakening of the heart muscle. D: Pericarditis - Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium (the outer lining of the heart), and does not directly involve the weakening of the heart muscle.