What is a statement about premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) that is true?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) PMS and PMDD involve a range of physical and emotional symptoms due to fluctuating hormone levels. This statement is true because both premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are associated with hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle. These hormonal fluctuations can lead to a variety of physical symptoms such as bloating, breast tenderness, and fatigue, as well as emotional symptoms like mood swings, irritability, and depression. Option A is incorrect because PMS and PMDD typically affect individuals of reproductive age, not those who have already reached menopause. Option B is also incorrect as hormonal fluctuations are indeed considered potential causes of PMS and PMDD. Option C is incorrect as both PMS and PMDD are characterized by both physical and emotional symptoms, not just physical symptoms. In an educational context, understanding the differences between PMS and PMDD, as well as their associated symptoms, is crucial for nurses working with women of reproductive age. By recognizing the signs and symptoms of these conditions, nurses can provide appropriate support, education, and interventions to help women manage the physical and emotional challenges they may experience during their menstrual cycles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In maternal newborn nursing, understanding the impact of maternal age on pregnancy outcomes is crucial. The correct answer is D) chromosomal abnormalities. Women aged 35 and older at conception are at increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities in their offspring, particularly Down syndrome. This is due to the higher likelihood of errors occurring during meiosis in older eggs, leading to aneuploidy. Option A) low birth weight is not directly linked to maternal age but can be influenced by various factors such as maternal nutrition, prenatal care, and pre-existing health conditions. Option B) hypoglycemia is more related to maternal diabetes or gestational diabetes rather than maternal age. Option C) neural tube defects are associated with factors like maternal folic acid deficiency, genetics, or environmental influences, not specifically tied to maternal age. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding how maternal age can impact pregnancy outcomes and the need for healthcare providers to provide appropriate counseling and screening for older pregnant individuals to mitigate risks associated with advanced maternal age. It underscores the significance of genetic counseling and prenatal testing in this population to detect and manage potential complications early in the pregnancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of the Four Cs communication framework in nursing, the correct answer is B) "What are you concerned about today?" This question demonstrates the essential skill of Compassion, one of the Four Cs, by showing empathy and understanding towards the patient's feelings and emotions. Option A is incorrect because it focuses on blame or causality, which does not align with the principles of the Four Cs. Option C is incorrect as it may be perceived as judgmental towards the patient's traditions, lacking the necessary empathy and respect. Option D is incorrect as it does not address the patient's immediate concerns or emotions, failing to establish a therapeutic relationship. Educationally, understanding and applying communication frameworks like the Four Cs in nursing practice is crucial for building effective nurse-patient relationships, promoting patient-centered care, and enhancing overall patient outcomes. By asking open-ended, compassionate questions like the one in the correct answer, nurses can better assess and address the holistic needs of their patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In maternal newborn nursing, it is crucial to understand the importance of vitamin K administration to newborns. The correct answer is D) Vastus lateralis muscle. This site is appropriate for newborns because it has a well-developed muscle mass, making it ideal for intramuscular injections. The gluteal muscles (option A) are not recommended due to the risk of injury to the sciatic nerve. The rectus femoris muscle (option B) is not commonly used in newborns for injections. The deltoid muscle (option C) is not preferred in newborns due to its small size and proximity to the brachial plexus, which could lead to nerve damage. Educationally, understanding the rationale behind site selection for vitamin K administration in newborns is crucial for safe and effective nursing practice. Proper injection site selection ensures optimal drug absorption and reduces the risk of complications or injuries to the newborn. It is essential for maternal newborn nurses to be knowledgeable about best practices in newborn care to provide high-quality and safe care to newborns and their families.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In caring for an infant with a slightly decreased temperature, the nurse's initial action should be to choose option B, which is to place a cap on the infant's head and have the mother perform kangaroo care. This is the correct response because infants lose heat rapidly through their heads, so placing a cap helps retain body heat. Kangaroo care, where the infant is held skin-to-skin with the mother, helps regulate the baby's temperature effectively. Option A is incorrect because notifying the physician immediately is not the initial action needed for a slightly decreased temperature. Option C is incorrect as keeping the infant in the nursery for observation without immediate intervention is not the best course of action. Option D is also incorrect as changing the formula is not necessary and could potentially be harmful without proper assessment. Educationally, it is crucial for nurses to understand the importance of thermoregulation in newborns and the appropriate interventions for managing temperature variations in infants. Providing kangaroo care and ensuring proper thermal protection are essential nursing interventions to maintain a newborn's body temperature within a normal range.