What is a situational/external crisis?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a situational/external crisis refers to a crisis triggered by unanticipated loss or change, such as a sudden death or job loss. This type of crisis is external to the individual and typically beyond their control. Option A is incorrect as it describes a developmental crisis. Option B is incorrect as it refers to crises caused by external events like natural disasters. Option D is incorrect as it pertains to crises arising from internal struggles within an individual. Thus, C is the correct choice as it aligns with the definition of a situational/external crisis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because altruism involves selflessly meeting the needs of others, not as a defense mechanism but as a genuine act of kindness. Choice B refers to sublimation, not altruism. Choice C relates to denial, and choice D describes displacement, which are different defense mechanisms. Altruism is about helping others without expecting anything in return, not as a way to cope with emotional conflicts.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Displacement is a defense mechanism where emotions are transferred from a threatening object to a nonthreatening one. This allows individuals to redirect their feelings in a safer way. In contrast, choice A refers to altruism, B refers to sublimation, and C refers to denial, all different defense mechanisms not related to displacement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: A defense mechanism where unacceptable personal features are attributed to others. This is known as projection, where individuals unconsciously attribute their own undesirable traits, feelings, or impulses onto others. This defense mechanism allows individuals to avoid dealing with their own uncomfortable emotions by projecting them onto someone else. This helps maintain their self-image and reduces anxiety. Explanation for why other choices are incorrect: A: A defense mechanism where emotional conflicts are addressed by meeting the needs of others. This describes the defense mechanism of altruism, not projection. B: A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are substituted with constructive activities. This describes the defense mechanism of sublimation, not projection. C: A defense mechanism where disturbing feelings are constantly denied. This describes the defense mechanism of denial, not projection.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sullivan's interpersonal relationship theory. Peplau was influenced by Sullivan's emphasis on interpersonal relationships in therapy, which aligns with Peplau's focus on nurse-client relationships in her theory of interpersonal relations. This influence is evident in Peplau's emphasis on the therapeutic nurse-client relationship as a central element in psychiatric nursing practice. Summary: B: Freud's psychoanalytic theory does not directly align with Peplau's emphasis on interpersonal relationships. C: Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on human motivation, which is different from Peplau's focus on therapeutic relationships. D: Erikson's stages of psychosocial development do not directly relate to Peplau's emphasis on nurse-client relationships in psychiatric nursing.