What is a potential sign of intrauterine fetal demise?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: decreased or absent fetal movement. This is a potential sign of intrauterine fetal demise because it indicates a lack of fetal activity, which could suggest fetal distress or death. Reduced or absent fetal movement may be an early warning sign that the fetus is not receiving enough oxygen or nutrients. It is important to monitor fetal movement regularly to ensure the well-being of the fetus. Other choices are incorrect because: A: increased fetal heart rate is more commonly associated with fetal distress, not demise. B: vaginal bleeding can be a sign of various conditions such as placental abruption or placenta previa, but it is not specific to fetal demise. D: macrosomia refers to a large baby, which is not indicative of fetal demise.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: diabetes. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of fetal demise due to complications such as congenital anomalies, macrosomia, and placental insufficiency. High blood sugar levels can lead to adverse effects on the fetus, including stillbirth. Migraine headache (B) and spina bifida (C) are not directly linked to fetal demise. Thyroid disorders (D) can impact pregnancy outcomes but are not specifically associated with an increased risk of fetal demise.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes can lead to larger fetal size, increasing the risk of shoulder dystocia. It is a known risk factor that healthcare providers consider when assessing the likelihood of shoulder dystocia. Estimated birth weight alone (A) may not accurately predict shoulder dystocia. While previous shoulder dystocia (C) is a risk factor, it is not a predictor as it is based on past occurrences. Hypertension (D) is not directly associated with an increased risk of shoulder dystocia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: increased risk of fetal distress. Prolonged second stage labor can lead to decreased oxygen supply to the fetus, causing fetal distress. This can result in adverse outcomes for the baby. Other options are incorrect because prolonged second stage labor is actually associated with an increased risk of instrumental delivery (A), an increased risk of cesarean birth (B), and not rapid delivery (D) as it is a prolonged process.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B (500 mL) for defining postpartum hemorrhage. This amount is used as the threshold because it represents a significant loss that may lead to maternal complications. Excessive bleeding after childbirth can quickly become life-threatening, so it is crucial to define postpartum hemorrhage accurately. Choices A (250 mL), C (750 mL), and D (1,000 mL) are incorrect as they do not align with the standard definition of postpartum hemorrhage, which is typically considered when blood loss exceeds 500 mL.