What is a maturational/internal crisis?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because a maturational/internal crisis is typically triggered by the individual's transition to a new developmental stage, such as adolescence or midlife. This type of crisis arises from internal changes and challenges related to personal growth and self-awareness. In contrast, option B refers to external events like natural disasters, not internal processes. Option C pertains to crises resulting from external factors like loss, not internal developmental changes. Option D focuses on internal conflicts, but a maturational crisis is distinct as it directly relates to developmental stages.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A defense mechanism where unacceptable impulses are substituted with constructive activities. Sublimation involves channeling negative or unacceptable emotions into productive or socially acceptable behaviors. This process allows individuals to express their feelings in a healthy and constructive manner. Choice A (meeting the needs of others) relates to altruism, not sublimation. Choice C (constantly denying disturbing feelings) describes repression, not sublimation. Choice D (transferring emotions to a nonthreatening object) is more aligned with displacement, not sublimation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because passive aggression, splitting, projection, and denial are examples of immature defense mechanisms. Immature defenses are characterized by an inability to cope effectively with stress or conflict, often leading to maladaptive behaviors. Choice B includes altruism, sublimation, suppression, and humor, which are actually considered mature defense mechanisms, as they involve healthier ways of managing emotions and stress. Choice C lists repression, displacement, reaction formation, and rationalization, which are categorized as neurotic defense mechanisms, falling between mature and immature defenses. Choice D combines avoidance, denial, repression, and projection, which are also examples of immature defense mechanisms, but it does not include passive aggression and splitting, which are key indicators of immature defenses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because denial is a defense mechanism where individuals refuse to acknowledge the existence of unpleasant realities to protect themselves from anxiety or distress. Denial involves ignoring or minimizing the significance of a situation or emotion. Choice A is incorrect as it describes altruism, not denial. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to sublimation, not denial. Choice C is incorrect as it is a generalization and does not capture the essence of denial as specifically avoiding or rejecting disturbing feelings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Peplau's theory is the Interpersonal Theory of Nursing, as she emphasized the importance of the nurse-patient relationship in the healing process. This theory focuses on the therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient to facilitate growth and healing. Peplau believed that understanding the patient's feelings and behaviors is crucial in providing effective care. Choice B, Psychoanalytic theory, is incorrect because it is a psychological theory developed by Freud, focusing on unconscious motives and childhood experiences. Choice C, Behavioral theory, is incorrect as it emphasizes observable behaviors and conditioning. Choice D, Cognitive theory, is incorrect as it focuses on mental processes such as thinking and problem-solving. Peplau's theory stands out for its emphasis on interpersonal relationships in nursing care.