What is a granuloma?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: A collection of macrophages filled with antigens. Granulomas are tissue responses to chronic inflammation, where macrophages form a cluster to engulf and contain foreign substances like antigens. This leads to the formation of a granuloma, which can be seen in conditions like tuberculosis. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system, not structures like granulomas; C) Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and not typically associated with granulomas; D) An antibody-antigen complex is a different concept related to immune response but not specific to granulomas.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because macrophages play a crucial role in granuloma formation by engulfing antigens but failing to destroy them, leading to the formation of a cluster of immune cells to contain the persistent antigen. Macrophages present antigens to T cells, triggering an immune response. Other choices are incorrect as macrophages do not neutralize histamine, stimulate IgE production, or produce antibodies against antigens in the context of granuloma formation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct action by the nurse is to ensure a patent airway while calling the Rapid Response Team (Choice C). This is because the client is showing signs of angioedema, a potential adverse reaction to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Angioedema can lead to airway compromise and respiratory distress, hence ensuring a patent airway is crucial. Additionally, calling the Rapid Response Team will allow for immediate medical intervention and monitoring of the client's condition. Choice A (Administer epinephrine) is incorrect as epinephrine is not the first-line treatment for angioedema associated with ACE inhibitors. Choice B (Apply oxygen) is not sufficient to address the potential airway compromise. Choice D (Reassure the client) is inappropriate as the client's condition requires immediate action to address the potential airway obstruction.

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is missing. However, based on the context provided, let's analyze the options to provide a detailed educational rationale. The correct answer is likely to be option D) Follicles. Within the lymph node, B cells receive T cell help for antibody production in specialized areas called germinal centers within the follicles. This is where B cells proliferate, differentiate, and undergo class switching to produce high-affinity antibodies. Option A) Paracortex is incorrect because it mainly consists of T cells and is responsible for T cell activation. Option B) Medulla is not the correct answer as it is involved in filtering lymph and contains plasma cells. Option C) Cortex is also not the right choice as it houses dendritic cells that present antigens to T cells but not specifically involved in B cell antibody production. In an educational context, understanding the specific structures and functions within lymph nodes is crucial for comprehending the immune response. Knowing where and how B cells receive T cell help is fundamental in understanding the coordination of immune responses and the production of antibodies to combat pathogens effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Lupus. Lupus is a systemic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and tissues throughout the body, rather than being specific to a single organ. Multiple sclerosis (A) is a neurological autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. Diabetes (C) is an autoimmune disease that affects the pancreas. Hashimoto's thyroiditis (D) is an autoimmune disease targeting the thyroid gland. Lupus does not specifically target a single organ, making it the correct choice.