What is a direct influence on cervical dilation? Select all that apply.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the positioning of the pregnant person affects the alignment of the baby's head in the pelvis, directly influencing cervical dilation. Proper positioning helps the baby apply pressure to the cervix, promoting dilation. In contrast, the strength of uterine contractions (B) affects labor progress but not cervical dilation specifically. The length of time since ruptured membranes (C) may increase infection risk but does not directly impact dilation. Fetal presentation (D) affects the descent of the baby, not cervical dilation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the second stage of labor begins when the mother starts pushing to deliver the baby. This stage involves the actual delivery of the baby and ends with the birth. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Labor begins before the second stage. B: The early phase is part of the first stage of labor. C: Full dilation and effacement mark the transition between the first and second stages but pushing is when the second stage actually begins.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a blood pressure of 142/88 is considered abnormal during the first stage of labor. Elevated blood pressure can indicate preeclampsia, a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention. A: Patient moaning with contractions is a common response to pain during labor and not necessarily abnormal. B: Contractions 3 minutes apart lasting 60 seconds are within the normal range for the first stage of labor. D: Respiratory rate of 22 is within the normal range and not indicative of any abnormalities during labor. In summary, the abnormal finding in this scenario is the elevated blood pressure, which can be a sign of a serious condition like preeclampsia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During the third stage of labor, the birthing person may experience cramping, a gush of fresh vaginal bleeding, and lengthening of the umbilical cord. This is due to the delivery of the placenta. Cramping helps expel the placenta, fresh vaginal bleeding is normal after delivery, and the lengthening of the umbilical cord indicates that the placenta is detaching. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the typical experiences during the third stage of labor.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because in the fourth stage of labor, immediate postpartum bonding between parents and newborn is crucial. The nurse should respect the rapid psychologic changes by taking cues from the parents on how they want this bonding experience to unfold. This approach ensures that the parents are supported in establishing a strong emotional bond with their newborn, promoting a positive postpartum experience. Choice A is incorrect because inviting the family in may not align with the parents' wishes for privacy during this intimate moment. Choice C is incorrect as asking multiple questions about taking pictures may be intrusive and disrupt the bonding process. Choice D is incorrect as separating the newborn from the parents can hinder bonding and may not align with current best practices in postpartum care.