What is a condition where the lung's air sacs (alveoli) are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where the lung's air sacs are damaged and enlarged, leading to breathlessness. This occurs due to the destruction of the alveoli walls, causing reduced surface area for gas exchange and airflow obstruction. Chronic bronchitis (B) involves inflammation of the bronchial tubes, not alveoli damage. Asthma (C) is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, not alveoli damage. Pulmonary fibrosis (D) is scarring of lung tissue, not enlargement of the alveoli.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). An ECG measures the electrical activity of the heart, detecting heart rhythm problems such as arrhythmias. It is a non-invasive test that provides valuable information on the heart's function. A chest X-ray (B) is used to visualize the heart and lungs but does not measure electrical activity. MRI (C) and CT scan (D) are imaging tests that provide detailed pictures of the heart's structure but do not directly measure heart rhythm.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Valvular heart disease. Valvular heart disease refers to conditions where the heart's valves do not function properly, leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart. This can result in symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Myocarditis (B) is inflammation of the heart muscle, Endocarditis (C) is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, and Aneurysm (D) is a bulge in a blood vessel. These conditions do not specifically involve malfunctioning heart valves as seen in valvular heart disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pericarditis. Pericarditis is the inflammation of the heart's outer lining, causing chest pain. The pericardium surrounds and protects the heart. Other choices are incorrect: B: Endocarditis is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart. C: Myocarditis is the inflammation of the heart muscle itself. D: Valvular heart disease is a condition affecting the heart valves, not the outer lining.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: A: Asthma is the correct answer because it is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by symptoms like wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. This condition is often triggered by various factors such as allergens, exercise, or respiratory infections. Asthma involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to the symptoms mentioned. B: Bronchitis is incorrect as it refers to inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be acute or chronic, but it does not typically present with all the symptoms listed in the question. C: Pneumonia is incorrect as it is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and does not typically cause chronic inflammation of the airways. D: Emphysema is incorrect as it is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by damage to the air sacs in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing, but it does not typically present