What is a condition that results from a weakened sphincter muscle joining the esophagus?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Heartburn. When the sphincter muscle between the esophagus and stomach is weakened, it allows stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation known as heartburn. This condition is specifically caused by the reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, leading to discomfort and irritation. Choice A, Gastroesophageal discomfort, is a vague term that does not specifically describe the condition resulting from a weakened sphincter muscle. Choice B, Ulcers, typically result from bacterial infection or excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, not directly from a weakened sphincter muscle. Choice D, Malabsorption, refers to the body's inability to absorb nutrients properly and is not directly related to a weakened sphincter muscle in the esophagus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Taking diuretics to reduce fluid volume. Diuretics help lower blood pressure by reducing the volume of fluid in the body, which decreases the workload on the heart and blood vessels. This effectively reduces blood pressure. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as reducing exercise, increasing fat in the diet, and increasing weight can all contribute to hypertension rather than treat it.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bursae. Bursae are small sacs filled with fluid that help reduce friction between bones, muscles, and tendons near joints. They act as cushions and lubricate the joint, aiding in smooth movement. Tendonitis (A) is inflammation of a tendon, not fluid-filled sacs. Sepsis (C) is a severe infection in the bloodstream, not related to joint structures. Phlebitis (D) is inflammation of a vein, not associated with joint sacs. Therefore, Bursae is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemianopsia. "Hemi" means half, and "anopsia" means blindness. Therefore, hemianopsia refers to the loss of vision in half of the visual field. Hyperopia (A) is farsightedness, myopia (B) is nearsightedness, and macular degeneration (D) is a condition affecting the macula in the retina, not specifically related to loss of vision in half of the visual field.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nonspecific immunity. At birth, infants possess nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity, which provides immediate protection against a wide range of pathogens without prior exposure. This type of immunity includes physical barriers like the skin, as well as cellular and molecular components such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. Nonspecific immunity is not acquired through deliberate exposure to antigens, distinguishing it from specific immunity (choice D). Active immunity (choice A) requires the body to produce antibodies in response to an antigen, while passive immunity (choice B) involves receiving pre-formed antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is nonspecific immunity, as it is present from birth and provides immediate protection.