What is a condition that results from a weakened sphincter muscle joining the esophagus?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Heartburn. When the sphincter muscle joining the esophagus is weakened, it allows stomach acid to flow back into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest known as heartburn. This occurs due to the reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal discomfort (choice A) is vague and not specific to the weakened sphincter muscle. Ulcers (choice B) are typically caused by bacteria or excessive use of NSAIDs, not by a weakened sphincter. Malabsorption (choice D) is related to the inability to absorb nutrients properly in the intestines, not the esophagus. Therefore, the correct answer is C because it directly correlates with the consequence of a weakened sphincter muscle in the esophagus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Taking diuretics to reduce fluid volume. Diuretics help lower blood pressure by promoting the removal of excess fluid and sodium from the body, reducing the volume of blood flowing through the blood vessels. This decreases the pressure on the vessel walls, thereby reducing hypertension. A: Reducing the amount of exercise is incorrect because exercise is actually beneficial for managing hypertension by improving cardiovascular health and lowering blood pressure. B: Increasing fat in the diet is incorrect as high-fat diets can lead to obesity and other risk factors for hypertension. D: Increasing weight is incorrect as obesity is a known risk factor for hypertension, and weight gain can exacerbate the condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Bursae. Bursae are small sacs filled with synovial fluid near joints that help reduce friction between bones, tendons, and muscles. Tendonitis (A) is inflammation of a tendon, not fluid-filled sacs. Sepsis (C) is a severe infection in the bloodstream, unrelated to joint structures. Phlebitis (D) is inflammation of a vein, not associated with joint fluid sacs. Therefore, Bursae is the only choice that accurately describes the tiny sacs of fluid near joints.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hemianopsia. Hemianopsia refers to the loss of vision in half of the visual field, typically caused by damage to the brain's visual pathways. Hyperopia (A) and Myopia (B) are refractive errors affecting visual acuity, not visual field loss. Macular degeneration (D) is a condition affecting central vision, not half of the visual field. Hemianopsia specifically describes the loss of vision in one-half of the visual field due to neurological issues or brain damage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nonspecific. At birth, infants possess nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity. This type of immunity provides immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens without prior exposure. It includes physical barriers like skin, chemical barriers like stomach acid, and cellular defenses like macrophages. This innate immunity is essential for protecting newborns from infections until their adaptive immune system develops. Explanation of other choices: A: Active immunity is acquired through exposure to antigens and the subsequent production of antibodies by the individual's own immune system. It is not present at birth. B: Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another individual, such as through breast milk or placental transfer. It is not present at birth. D: Specific immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is developed over time through exposure to specific antigens and the production of memory cells. It is not present at birth.