What is a characteristic feature of Goodpasture's syndrome?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pulmonary hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. Goodpasture's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies, leading to damage in the kidneys (glomerulonephritis) and lungs (pulmonary hemorrhage). Granuloma formation (A), contact dermatitis (C), and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (D) are not characteristic features of Goodpasture's syndrome. Granulomas are more commonly seen in conditions like sarcoidosis, contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition, and bronchoconstriction and vasodilation are features of allergic reactions or asthma, not typically seen in Goodpasture's syndrome.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: Lyme disease is rarely fatal if treated promptly. Step 2: Choice C states that Lyme disease is usually fatal if not treated successfully, which is incorrect. Step 3: Therefore, this statement indicates a need for review as it spreads misinformation. Step 4: Choices A, B, and D are accurate and align with the information provided in the educational program. Step 5: In summary, the need to review the material is highlighted by the inaccurate statement in choice C, as the other choices provide correct information on Lyme disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Expressed on naïve T cells. L-Selectin is a cell adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of naïve T cells. It plays a crucial role in the initial attachment of T cells to high endothelial venules (HEV) in lymphoid tissues, facilitating T cell entry into lymph nodes. It specifically binds to ligands on HEV, allowing T cells to extravasate into lymphoid tissues. Choice A is incorrect because L-Selectin is primarily expressed on naïve T cells rather than effector T cells. Choice B is incorrect as L-Selectin is expressed on HEV, not by them. Choice D is incorrect because L-Selectin is involved in the initial attachment of T cells to endothelial cells, rather than being required for extravasation into tissues.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because protection against Leishmania is mainly mediated by cell-mediated immune responses, not IgE antibodies. IgE is not typically involved in protection against intracellular parasites like Leishmania. A: Leishmania is indeed a unicellular parasite. B: Leishmania proliferates inside phagocytic cells, particularly macrophages. C: Leishmania is transmitted by sand flies during blood meals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Are protease inhibitors. Blocking HIV budding involves inhibiting the action of the viral protease enzyme, which is crucial for processing viral proteins into their functional forms. By targeting protease, the virus cannot mature and infect new cells. RT inhibitors (A) target reverse transcriptase, not budding. Targeting gp120 (B) is focused on viral entry, not budding. Targeting HIV co-receptors (C) is aimed at blocking viral entry, not budding.