What interventions can the nurse use to decrease the client's anxiety?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and nursing care, it is crucial for nurses to understand how different interventions can impact a client's anxiety levels. In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Reduce carbohydrate consumption. Carbohydrates can lead to fluctuations in blood sugar levels, which can exacerbate feelings of anxiety and nervousness in some individuals. By reducing carbohydrate consumption, the nurse can help stabilize the client's blood sugar levels, potentially leading to a decrease in anxiety. Option A) Increase protein intake is incorrect because while protein is essential for overall health, there is no direct evidence linking increased protein intake to a reduction in anxiety levels. Option C) Drink more water is incorrect in the context of decreasing anxiety. While staying hydrated is important for general health, simply drinking more water is unlikely to significantly impact anxiety levels. Option D) Take vitamin supplements is also incorrect in this context. While vitamin deficiencies can impact mental health, simply taking vitamin supplements may not directly address or reduce anxiety levels without targeting specific deficiencies. Educationally, it is important for nurses to be knowledgeable about the impact of diet and nutrition on mental health, including anxiety. Understanding the physiological effects of different food groups can help nurses develop holistic care plans that address both physical and mental well-being in their clients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), the correct answer is D) Xanax. Xanax, also known as alprazolam, belongs to the class of drugs called benzodiazepines, which are commonly used as anxiolytics to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and related disorders, including OCD. Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a calming and sedative effect that can help reduce anxiety and compulsive behaviors in individuals with OCD. Regarding why the other options are incorrect: A) Lopressor and B) Tenormin are both beta-blockers (metoprolol and atenolol, respectively) primarily used to treat cardiovascular conditions like hypertension and angina. These drugs do not possess anxiolytic properties and are not indicated for treating OCD. C) Inderal, also known as propranolol, is another beta-blocker mainly used for cardiovascular conditions. Like Lopressor and Tenormin, Inderal does not target the anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms seen in OCD. Educational Context: Understanding the pharmacological treatment options for mental health disorders like OCD is crucial for healthcare professionals, including nurses and pharmacists. Knowing the mechanisms of action and appropriate use of anxiolytic medications, such as benzodiazepines like Xanax, can help healthcare providers make informed decisions when managing patients with OCD. By differentiating between medications that target anxiety symptoms and those that do not, healthcare professionals can provide more effective and tailored care to individuals with OCD.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pharmacology, understanding the different types of bipolar disorder is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Bipolar disorder encompasses several subtypes, including bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymic disorder, and others. The correct answer, A) High blood pressure, is not directly related to the types of bipolar disorder but may be a common physiological response in individuals with bipolar disorder, especially during manic episodes. This physiological response can be due to the increased stress and arousal levels associated with mania. Option B) Increased heart rate is more commonly associated with anxiety or stimulant use rather than bipolar disorder. Option C) Decreased oxygen supply is not a characteristic symptom of bipolar disorder but may be seen in conditions like respiratory diseases. Option D) Muscle relaxation is not a typical feature of bipolar disorder but can be a side effect of certain medications used in its treatment. Educationally, students should be able to differentiate between the symptoms and physiological responses seen in bipolar disorder and those associated with other conditions. Understanding these distinctions is essential for accurate assessment and intervention in individuals with bipolar disorder. By recognizing the specific characteristics of each type of bipolar disorder, healthcare providers can tailor their treatment plans to address the unique needs of each patient effectively.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pharmacology, monitoring for signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity is crucial due to its narrow therapeutic index. The correct answer, vomiting, is a common manifestation of lithium toxicity. This occurs due to the drug's irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract, leading to increased GI motility and subsequent nausea and vomiting. Constipation (Option A) is not typically associated with lithium toxicity. Amnesia (Option C) is not a common sign of lithium toxicity but rather a symptom of chronic lithium use at therapeutic levels. Muscular rigidity (Option D) is not a typical sign of lithium toxicity but rather an extrapyramidal symptom seen with antipsychotic medications. Educationally, understanding the signs and symptoms of lithium toxicity is essential for nurses caring for patients on lithium therapy. Regular monitoring and prompt recognition of toxicity signs can prevent serious complications. Nurses must also educate patients on the importance of adherence to monitoring protocols and reporting any concerning symptoms promptly to their healthcare provider.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and the treatment of anorexia nervosa, understanding the traits associated with this disorder is crucial. The correct answer is C) Perfectionism. Clients with anorexia nervosa often exhibit perfectionistic tendencies, such as setting unrealistically high standards for themselves related to body image and weight. This trait can drive their behaviors around food restriction and excessive exercise. Option A) Low self-esteem is a common misconception, as while individuals with anorexia nervosa may have low self-esteem, it is not a defining trait of the disorder. Option B) High self-esteem is also incorrect, as individuals with anorexia nervosa often have a distorted self-image and seek validation through control over their bodies. Option D) Intense desire to displease others is not a characteristic commonly associated with anorexia nervosa. Providing this rationale helps students differentiate between the traits and behaviors specific to anorexia nervosa, aiding in their understanding of the disorder and its treatment. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of recognizing the psychological aspects of eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and how these traits can impact a client's behavior and response to treatment, including pharmacological interventions. Understanding these traits helps in developing holistic care plans that address both the physical and psychological aspects of the disorder.