What enzyme converts plasminogen into active plasmin?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Plasminogen activator. Plasminogen activator is responsible for converting plasminogen into active plasmin, which is an essential enzyme in the fibrinolysis process. Plasminase (A) and Plasminogenase (B) are not actual enzymes involved in this conversion. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (D) works to regulate the activity of plasminogen activator, rather than directly converting plasminogen into plasmin.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) William Withering. William Withering discovered digitalis in 1785. He was a British physician who documented the use of digitalis, derived from the foxglove plant, in treating heart conditions. Withering's work laid the foundation for the use of digitalis in modern medicine for treating heart failure and arrhythmias. Option B) Ottolewi is incorrect as there is no historical record of such a person associated with the discovery of digitalis. Option C) Walksman is also incorrect as there is no known individual by that name linked to the discovery of digitalis. Option D) Dale is incorrect as well, as the discovery of digitalis is credited to William Withering. Understanding the history of drug discovery is essential in pharmacology education. Knowing the pioneers who made significant contributions to the field helps students appreciate the evolution of drug therapies and the scientific process behind them. In this case, recognizing William Withering's discovery of digitalis highlights the importance of botanical sources in pharmacology and the impact of observational medicine in developing treatments for cardiovascular conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Plasma expanders. Plasma expanders are high molecular weight, pharmacodynamically inert, nonantigenic substances that are used to increase the volume of circulating blood plasma. They form colloidal solutions and help in restoring or maintaining blood volume in conditions like hypovolemia, shock, or severe dehydration. Option A) Osmotic purgatives are substances that act in the gastrointestinal tract to promote the passage of water and electrolytes, mainly used for constipation relief. Option B) Osmotic diuretics are substances that work in the kidneys to increase the excretion of water and electrolytes, primarily used to reduce fluid overload in conditions like edema or hypertension. Option D) All of the above is incorrect because plasma expanders have a specific function related to increasing blood volume, different from the actions of osmotic purgatives and diuretics. Understanding the characteristics and uses of different types of pharmaceutical agents is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those involved in pharmacology and patient care. Knowing the specific roles and properties of substances like plasma expanders can help in making informed decisions regarding patient treatment and management in various clinical scenarios.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In teaching a client about warfarin, it is crucial for the nurse to provide accurate information to ensure the client's understanding and adherence to their medication regimen. The correct answer is A) It antagonizes vitamin K and blocks the production of some clotting factors. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant that works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, namely factors II, VII, IX, and X. This action ultimately leads to the prevention of blood clot formation. Option B) It acts as an antiplatelet drug is incorrect because warfarin does not directly inhibit platelet function. Antiplatelet drugs, such as aspirin or clopidogrel, work by preventing platelet aggregation, which is different from warfarin's mechanism of action. Option C) It causes fibrinolysis is incorrect because warfarin does not promote the breakdown of fibrin clots. Fibrinolysis is the process of breaking down fibrin clots, which is typically targeted by drugs like tissue plasminogen activators (tPA) in the treatment of acute thrombotic events. Option D) It inactivates certain clotting factors is incorrect because warfarin specifically interferes with the synthesis of clotting factors rather than directly inactivating them. In an educational context, understanding the mechanism of action of warfarin is crucial for patients to comprehend how the medication works and the importance of consistent monitoring and dose adjustments. This knowledge empowers patients to actively participate in their treatment plan and adhere to dietary and medication guidelines to ensure the safe and effective use of warfarin for their cardiovascular health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The client will run on a treadmill. In a cardiac stress test, the client is required to exercise on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike to increase their heart rate. This test helps to assess how well the heart can handle increased workload and identify any possible cardiovascular issues. Running on a treadmill allows the healthcare provider to monitor the client's heart rate, rhythm, blood pressure response to exercise, and any signs of cardiac abnormalities. Option A) The client must lie still throughout the test is incorrect because a cardiac stress test involves physical activity to stress the heart. Option B) The client will have an EKG after the test is incorrect because an EKG is typically done before, during, and after the stress test to monitor the heart's electrical activity. Option D) The test hurts for only a moment is incorrect because the stress test itself is not painful; it involves controlled physical exertion. Understanding the importance of cardiac stress tests and the procedures involved can help clients prepare adequately and alleviate any anxiety they may have about the test. It is crucial for nurses to educate clients on the test procedures to ensure accurate results and promote optimal cardiovascular health.