What does the term 'confounding' mean in epidemiol

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Question 1 of 5

What does the term 'confounding' mean in epidemiology?

A. A random error in data collection B. A bias introduced by the study design C. A situation where the effect of the primary exposure on the outcome is mixed with the effect of another variable D. An effect modification

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Confounding (C) mixes effects (e.g., age in smoking-cancer). A is error, B is bias, D is modification.

Question 2 of 5

Among patients with intermittent claudication, all the following statements are true EXCEPT

A. about 50 percent eventually require amputation if they do not undergo vascular reconstruction B. the leading cause of death is coronary heart disease C. about 50 percent have significant coronary artery disease at the time of presentation D. prognosis is worse in patients with diabetes

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Only ~5-10% need amputation; others true.

Question 3 of 5

Which of the following statements about emphysema is true?

A. There is a definitive clinical diagnosis of the disease B. Cigarette smokers are twice as likely to develop the disease as nonsmokers C. Flow rates on pulmonary function tests resemble those seen in chronic bronchitis D. It is equally prevalent in light and heavy smokers

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Emphysema shows obstructive flow rates like bronchitis; A (PFTs needed), B (10-20x risk), D (dose-dependent), E (silicosis, not emphysema) false.

Question 4 of 5

Which of the following cancers has been associated with increasing age-adjusted mortality in the past 25 years?

A. Lung cancer B. Uterine cancer C. Prostate cancer D. Scrotal cancer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lung cancer mortality rose until ~1990s, still high in women.

Question 5 of 5

Although the etiology of adult rheumatoid arthritis is not known, studies of its epidemiology have shown that

A. the incidence is 20 times higher in women than in men B. progressive joint destruction occurs in less than 20 percent of cases C. the vast majority of cases have their onset between the ages of 35 and 50 D. there is no genetic predisposition to the disease

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Peak onset 35-50; A (~3x), B (>20%), D (genetic link), E (no miner link) false.

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What does the term 'confounding' mean in epidemiology?

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Epidemiology Multiple Choice Questions Questions

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