What does the term 'confounder' refer to in epidemiology?

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Question 1 of 5

What does the term 'confounder' refer to in epidemiology?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Confounder (A) affects exposure-outcome links (e.g., age). B is error, C is bias, D is a response.

Question 2 of 5

The parameter that can be used to obtain the best estimate of the prevalence of dental caries is

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: DMF rate directly measures caries prevalence.

Question 3 of 5

All the following are independently associated with poor prognosis in colon cancer EXCEPT

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Size alone isn’t prognostic; others are.

Question 4 of 5

Which of the following patients is most likely to have a stroke within a year?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: TIA has highest 1-year stroke risk (~10-20%); A and B lower, C and E minimal.

Question 5 of 5

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of acquiring cancers of all the following EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Liver cancer isn’t strongly linked to smoking; others are.

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