What do the clinical manifestations of minimal change nephrotic syndrome include?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In minimal change nephrotic syndrome, the main clinical manifestations are massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. Option A includes hematuria and bacteriuria, which are not typically associated with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Weight gain is a common symptom due to fluid retention, but it is not included in this option. Option B mentions gross hematuria, albuminuria, and fever. While albuminuria is seen in nephrotic syndrome, gross hematuria and fever are not typical features of minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Option C lists hypertension, weight loss, and proteinuria. Hypertension is not a common finding in minimal change nephrotic syndrome, and weight loss is unlikely due to the edema associated with this condition. The correct answer, Option D, accurately describes the classical triad of minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which includes massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia (due to loss of albumin in the urine), and edema (resulting from decreased plasma oncotic pressure due to low serum albumin levels). Understanding these clinical manifestations is crucial for nurses caring for children with nephrotic syndrome as it helps in early recognition, appropriate management, and monitoring of the condition to prevent complications like infections and thrombosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) We understand our child will not be able to attend school, so we will arrange for homeschooling. Rationale: In the case of a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in remission after prednisone treatment, it is crucial to understand that school attendance should not be restricted solely due to the condition. MCNS does not typically require the child to be isolated at home or miss school when in remission. This indicates a need for further teaching if the parents express a plan to keep the child out of school. Option A) We will keep our child away from anyone who is ill: This statement reflects a good understanding of infection control practices, which is important for a child with a compromised immune system. It does not indicate a need for further teaching. Option B) We will be sure to administer the prednisone as ordered: This statement shows compliance with the medication regimen, which is essential for managing MCNS. It does not indicate a need for further teaching. Option C) We will encourage our child to eat a balanced diet, but we will watch his salt intake: This statement demonstrates an understanding of dietary recommendations for a child with MCNS. It does not indicate a need for further teaching. Educational Context: It is important for nurses to provide accurate and comprehensive education to parents of children with chronic conditions like MCNS. Understanding the implications of the condition, treatment plan, and lifestyle modifications are crucial for effective management and quality of life for the child. This rationale highlights the significance of clear communication and patient education in pediatric nursing care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) "We understand our child will not be able to attend school, so we will arrange for home schooling." In the case of a child with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS) in remission after prednisone treatment, it is essential for the parents to understand that the child can attend school as usual. This statement indicates a misunderstanding of the condition and treatment, highlighting the need for further education. Option A is incorrect because while it is important to protect the child from exposure to illnesses, isolating the child completely is not necessary. Option B is incorrect as it demonstrates understanding of medication administration, which is a crucial aspect of managing MCNS. Option C is also incorrect as encouraging a balanced diet and monitoring salt intake are important aspects of care for a child with MCNS, indicating a good understanding of the condition. In an educational context, this question assesses the parents' understanding of the child's condition and treatment plan. It emphasizes the importance of clear communication and education to ensure optimal care for the child with MCNS. By identifying misconceptions or gaps in knowledge, nurses can provide targeted teaching to empower parents in managing their child's health effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of acute glomerulonephritis, the correct response, "D) Urine output will increase," is the best indication that the condition is improving. This is because acute glomerulonephritis is characterized by decreased urine output due to impaired kidney function. As the kidneys start to recover and function more efficiently, urine output will increase, indicating improved kidney function and clearance of waste products from the body. Option A, "Blood pressure will stabilize," is not the best indicator of improvement in acute glomerulonephritis. While blood pressure management is important in this condition, stabilization of blood pressure alone does not necessarily indicate improvement in kidney function. Option B, "Your child will have more energy," is a vague and subjective indicator that may not directly correlate with the resolution of acute glomerulonephritis. Improved energy levels can be influenced by various factors and may not specifically reflect kidney function. Option C, "Urine will be free of protein," is also not the most immediate or sensitive indicator of improvement in acute glomerulonephritis. While the absence of protein in the urine is a positive sign, it may take time for proteinuria to completely resolve even after other markers of improvement are evident. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations and indicators of improvement in acute glomerulonephritis is crucial for nurses caring for children with this condition. Monitoring urine output is a key nursing intervention to assess renal function and response to treatment. By recognizing the significance of increased urine output as a positive sign, nurses can provide appropriate care and education to parents about the progression of the disease.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a child with acute glomerulonephritis, the nurse should expect the urinalysis during the acute phase to show hematuria and proteinuria, making option B the correct answer. Hematuria, the presence of red blood cells in the urine, is a hallmark sign of glomerulonephritis due to inflammation and damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. Proteinuria, the presence of protein in the urine, is also commonly seen in glomerulonephritis as damaged glomeruli allow proteins to leak into the urine. Option A (Bacteriuria and hematuria) is incorrect because glomerulonephritis is not typically associated with a bacterial infection of the urinary tract. Option C (Bacteriuria and increased specific gravity) is incorrect as glomerulonephritis is not characterized by bacterial presence in the urine or increased specific gravity. Option D (Proteinuria and decreased specific gravity) is incorrect as decreased specific gravity is not typically seen in glomerulonephritis. Educationally, understanding the expected findings in acute glomerulonephritis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the significance of hematuria and proteinuria in the urinalysis can aid in early detection, prompt intervention, and improved outcomes for children with glomerulonephritis.