What describes a swan neck deformity?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because a swan neck deformity is characterized by hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, along with flexion deformity at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. This leads to a finger resembling a swan's neck shape. Choice A is incorrect because it describes hyperextension at the DIP joint, which is not typical of a swan neck deformity. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to synovitis and ligament disruption at the ulnar styloid, which is unrelated to a swan neck deformity. Choice C is incorrect as it describes hyperextension at the DIP joint instead of flexion deformity. In summary, the correct answer, D, accurately describes the key features of a swan neck deformity, making it the most appropriate choice among the options provided.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Solid ankle cushioned heel (SACH). This term describes a common type of prosthetic foot design with a solid ankle and a cushioned heel. The solid ankle provides stability and support, while the cushioned heel helps absorb shock during walking. Choice A is incorrect because it does not accurately describe the components of a SACH foot. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to a different type of prosthetic foot design. Choice C is also incorrect as it does not represent the correct acronym for SACH.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Arterial insufficiency. Cold therapy constricts blood vessels, which can worsen arterial insufficiency by further reducing blood flow. Acute sprains, chronic muscle spasms, and spasticity benefit from cold therapy due to its ability to reduce inflammation, pain, and muscle spasm respectively. Cold therapy is contraindicated for arterial insufficiency as it can exacerbate the condition by further compromising blood flow.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dorsal surface of the hand; the skin is thinner on this surface than on the palms. Rationale: 1. The dorsal surface of the hand has thinner skin compared to the thicker skin on the palmar surface, making it more sensitive to temperature changes. 2. Thinner skin allows for better detection of subtle temperature variations, making it ideal for accurately assessing the patient's skin temperature. 3. The fingertips (choice A) may be more sensitive to touch, but for temperature assessment, the dorsal surface is more reliable due to its thinner skin. 4. The ulnar portion of the hand (choice C) having increased blood supply does not necessarily enhance temperature sensitivity; it is more related to vascular function. 5. The palmar surface (choice D) may have increased nerve supply, but its thickness can dampen the sensitivity to detect subtle temperature changes. In summary, the correct choice (B) is supported by the anatomical characteristics of the dorsal hand

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Optic nerve damage on the left. When both pupils dilate slightly but the right pupil constricts briskly when light is shone on it, it indicates an afferent defect in the left eye. The optic nerve carries afferent (sensory) signals from the eye to the brain. Since the left optic nerve is damaged, the afferent signal from the left eye is not transmitted properly, resulting in the dilated pupils. The brisk constriction of the right pupil in response to light indicates that the efferent (motor) pathway is intact on the right side. Therefore, the problem is likely on the afferent pathway of the left optic nerve. Incorrect choices: A: Optic nerve damage on the right - Incorrect because the brisk constriction of the right pupil indicates the efferent pathway on the right is intact. C: Efferent nerve damage on the right - Incorrect because the brisk constriction of the