What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the pleura, causing sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Pleurisy. Pleurisy is characterized by inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs, causing sharp chest pain exacerbated by breathing. Pericarditis (B) is inflammation of the pericardium, the lining around the heart, not the pleura. Endocarditis (C) is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves, not the pleura. Myocarditis (D) is inflammation of the heart muscle, not the pleura. Therefore, based on the symptoms described in the question, Pleurisy is the most appropriate diagnosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for A being correct: 1. Goodpasture syndrome is an autoimmune disease where the body produces antibodies against collagen in the lungs and kidneys. 2. Antibodies attack the basement membrane of the lungs and kidneys, leading to severe respiratory and renal damage. 3. Symptoms include coughing up blood, difficulty breathing, and kidney failure. 4. Treatment involves immunosuppressive therapy and plasma exchange to remove harmful antibodies. Summary: - B: Sarcoidosis involves granulomas in multiple organs but typically not lung-kidney damage. - C: Wegener's granulomatosis affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but involves inflammation, not antibodies against collagen. - D: Interstitial lung disease is a broad term for various lung conditions but doesn't specifically involve the immune system attacking lungs and kidneys.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. This procedure uses a balloon to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels in the heart. First, a catheter with a deflated balloon is inserted into the blocked artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This is a minimally invasive procedure commonly used to treat coronary artery disease. Choice B: Coronary artery bypass graft involves using blood vessels from another part of the body to bypass blocked arteries, not using a balloon. Choice C: Stent placement involves inserting a mesh tube to keep the artery open, but it does not use a balloon to open the vessel. Choice D: Valve replacement is a procedure to replace damaged heart valves and does not involve using a balloon to open narrowed arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Chronic bronchitis. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, often caused by smoking. This condition leads to persistent coughing and mucus production. Emphysema (B) is a separate condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, causing shortness of breath. Asthma (C) is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and bronchospasms, triggered by various factors. Tuberculosis (D) is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms like coughing up blood and weight loss. Chronic bronchitis specifically relates to the inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes due to smoking.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Angioplasty. During angioplasty, a catheter with a balloon at its tip is inserted into the blocked or narrowed coronary artery to widen the artery and improve blood flow. This procedure often involves the placement of a stent to help keep the artery open. Angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure compared to a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), which requires open-heart surgery. Echocardiogram and CT angiography are diagnostic imaging tests and do not involve the insertion of a catheter to treat a blocked or narrowed coronary artery.