What condition have studies confirmed to occur when adults and children do not get recommended hours of sleep at night?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sleep deprivation's health impacts are well-studied. 'Obesity' is confirmed; insufficient sleepe.g., <6 hours vs. 7-9disrupts ghrelin/leptin, increasing appetitee.g., 300 extra calories dailyper NIH research cited in Taylor. 'Anxiety' rises with sleep losse.g., amygdala overactivitybut isn't as universally confirmed as obesity's metabolic link. 'Diabetes' risks increasee.g., insulin resistancebut obesity often mediates this. 'Hypertension' correlatese.g., BP up 5 mmHgbut evidence is less direct than obesity's 50% risk jump in kids/adults. Sleep loss' hormonal chaose.g., cortisol spikesdrives weight gain, making Choice A the correct, most established condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Past pain experiences shape future reactions. 'One who had pain but got adequate relief' is correcte.g., a prior surgery with good analgesia (e.g., 2/10 post-op) builds trust, lowering anxiety, per Taylor's psychology. Choice B, 'did not get relief,' heightens feare.g., 8/10 untreated pain breeds dread. Choice C, 'chronic pain for years,' often increases anxietye.g., fibromyalgia's unpredictability exhausts coping. Choice D, 'multiple pain experiences,' variese.g., relief or not determines outlook, too vague. A patient recalling, 'Last time, meds worked fast,' expects control, reducing fight-or-flight responses (e.g., pulse drops 10 bpm). Positive reinforcement eases pain perception, making Choice A the best fit.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Pain-relieving drugs have a clear label. 'Analgesic' is the terme.g., ibuprofen or morphine reduces pain, per Taylor's pharmacology. 'Antacid' neutralizes stomach acide.g., Tums, not pain-specific. 'Antihistamine' blocks histaminee.g., diphenhydramine for allergies, not analgesia. 'Antibiotic' fights infectione.g., penicillin, not pain. Analgesicse.g., NSAIDs or opioidstarget nociception or perception, a nurse's focus in pain plans. Choice C is the precise, correct term.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Self-concept is a broad self-view. 'Self-image' best describes ite.g., 'I'm tall, smart,' encompassing identity, per Taylor's psychology, as the total perception. 'Self-esteem' is valuee.g., 'I'm worthy,' a part, not whole. 'Self-actualization' , Maslow's peake.g., fulfilling potentialexceeds basic concept. 'Self-realization' implies enlightenmente.g., vague, not core. Self-image integrates body, rolese.g., a teen's 'student' labelforming the foundation nurses assess. Choice D is the correct, comprehensive term.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: An infant's realization of physical separation from the environment marks a foundational developmental milestone. 'Self-awareness' is correcte.g., by 6 months, an infant notices their hand moves independently of a crib, per Taylor's developmental psychology, forming the earliest self-concept layer. 'Self-recognition' emerges latere.g., at 18 months, passing the mirror test, identifying 'me' visually, not just physically. 'Self-definition' involves traitse.g., 'I'm smart,' a preschool skill, not infancy. 'Self-concept' is the broader outcomee.g., encompassing identity and esteem, built over years, not a stage. For instance, an infant batting a mobile senses 'I caused that,' distinct from external objects, a precursor to later self-understanding. Nurses observe this in reflexes or object permanence tasks, per Piaget's sensorimotor stage, where self-awareness begins the self-concept journey. Choice A precisely names this initial differentiation, making it the correct answer.