What complication does gestational diabetes increase?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Gestational diabetes is a condition that occurs during pregnancy, where blood sugar levels become elevated. The correct answer is B: macrosomia. Macrosomia refers to a condition where a baby is significantly larger than average at birth. This is a common complication of gestational diabetes because when a mother has high blood sugar levels, the baby receives more glucose than it needs, leading to excessive growth. Choice A, breech, is incorrect because breech presentation refers to the baby being positioned feet or buttocks first instead of head first. While gestational diabetes can increase the risk of certain complications during pregnancy, it is not directly associated with breech presentation. Choice C, postterm birth, is also incorrect. Postterm birth refers to a pregnancy that extends beyond 42 weeks. Gestational diabetes can increase the risk of preterm birth, but it is not specifically linked to postterm birth. Choice D, precipitous birth, is incorrect because precipitous birth refers to an extremely rapid labor and delivery process, typically lasting less than three hours. Gestational diabetes does not directly increase the risk of precipitous birth. In conclusion, the correct answer is B: macrosomia, because gestational diabetes can lead to excessive fetal growth due to elevated blood sugar levels. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with the complication of gestational diabetes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Diabetes is the correct answer because uncontrolled diabetes in pregnancy can lead to various complications, including an increased risk for fetal demise. When blood sugar levels are not properly managed, it can result in poor fetal growth, birth defects, and even stillbirth. High blood sugar levels can also lead to complications such as preeclampsia and preterm labor, which further increase the risk of fetal demise. Migraine headaches, on the other hand, do not directly increase the risk for fetal demise. While they can be uncomfortable for the mother, they do not typically pose a significant threat to the fetus unless they are accompanied by other serious complications. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect that occurs during fetal development and can lead to serious health issues for the baby, but it does not necessarily increase the risk for fetal demise. With proper medical management and care, babies born with spina bifida can lead healthy lives. Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can also impact pregnancy outcomes, but they do not directly increase the risk for fetal demise. However, uncontrolled thyroid disorders can lead to complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues for the baby. In conclusion, diabetes is the condition that significantly increases the risk for fetal demise due to its potential complications during pregnancy. It is crucial for pregnant women with diabetes to closely monitor and manage their blood sugar levels to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes for both themselves and their babies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Repetitive late decelerations (Choice C) are a sign of fetal distress because they indicate that there is a decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the fetus during contractions. Late decelerations occur when the fetal heart rate decreases after the peak of a contraction, which is a concerning sign as it suggests that the fetus is not receiving enough oxygen. When late decelerations occur repeatedly, it signifies that the fetus is not tolerating labor well and is in distress. Prolonged moderate variability (Choice A) is actually a normal finding in fetal heart rate monitoring. Moderate variability refers to the fluctuations in the fetal heart rate that indicate a healthy autonomic nervous system. It is a reassuring sign that the fetus is well-oxygenated and not in distress. Accelerations (Choice B) are also a positive sign in fetal heart rate monitoring. Accelerations are temporary increases in the fetal heart rate that occur in response to fetal movement or stimulation. They indicate a healthy, responsive fetal central nervous system and are a reassuring sign that the fetus is not in distress. Variable decelerations (Choice D) are another type of deceleration that occur in response to umbilical cord compression. While variable decelerations can be concerning, they are not as specific as late decelerations in indicating fetal distress. Variable decelerations can also be caused by other factors such as maternal position changes or cord compression that may not necessarily indicate fetal distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct nursing intervention for a prolapsed cord is to lift the presenting part off the cord (Choice C). This is crucial to relieve pressure on the cord and restore blood flow to the baby. Lifting the presenting part off the cord helps prevent further compression, which can lead to fetal distress or even fetal death. Choice A, turning the person to the side, is incorrect because it does not address the immediate issue of relieving pressure on the prolapsed cord. While changing position may be necessary in some situations, it is not the primary intervention for a prolapsed cord. Choice B, giving the person oxygen, is also incorrect. While oxygen may be needed in cases of fetal distress resulting from a prolapsed cord, the priority is to alleviate pressure on the cord to prevent further harm to the baby. Choice D, increasing oxytocin, is not appropriate for a prolapsed cord. Oxytocin is a hormone that is typically used to induce or augment labor, but in the case of a prolapsed cord, the focus should be on relieving pressure on the cord rather than stimulating contractions. In summary, lifting the presenting part off the cord is the correct nursing intervention for a prolapsed cord because it addresses the immediate issue of restoring blood flow to the baby and preventing further harm.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The placenta is considered retained when it has not been delivered within 30 minutes after the birth of the baby. This is because the placenta should ideally be delivered within this time frame to prevent any complications such as excessive bleeding or infection for the mother. Choice A: 10 minutes is too short of a time frame to diagnose the placenta as retained. It is normal for the placenta to take some time to be delivered after the baby is born, so 10 minutes would be premature to consider it retained. Choice C: 1 hour is too long of a time frame to diagnose the placenta as retained. Waiting for an hour could lead to potential complications for the mother if the placenta is indeed retained, as it should ideally be delivered within 30 minutes. Choice D: 2 hours is also too long of a time frame to diagnose the placenta as retained. Waiting for 2 hours could put the mother at risk for complications associated with a retained placenta, so it is not the correct answer. In conclusion, the correct answer is B (30 minutes) because it is the appropriate time frame within which the placenta should be delivered to prevent any potential complications for the mother.