What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Peristalsis propels urine through ureters, not gravity (positional), hydrostatic (filtration), or osmotic (concentration). This defines ureteral motility, key for urine transport, contrasting with passive forces.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Globin, albumin (proteins), and blood cells are too large for glomerular filtration all apply. This defines filtration barrier, critical for plasma selectivity, contrasting with small solutes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renal artery supplies the kidney, not iliac (pelvis), cystic (bladder), or celiac (gut). This identifies renal blood flow, critical for perfusion, contrasting with other arteries.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Kidneys have 6-12 lobes (pyramids + cortex), not fewer or none. This quantifies lobar structure, key for anatomy, contrasting with undercounts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Podocytes form the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule, not osteocytes (bone), chondrocytes (cartilage), or all. This specifies filtration cells, key for barrier, contrasting with unrelated types.